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Transcript
Carbon Compounds Chapter 2 Section 3 pgs 44-48 The Chem of Carbon Believe it or not, carbon is so interesting, there is an ENTIRE branch of chemistry designed to study it! Organic Chemistry Each electron in carbon can form Covalent bonds with almost any other element More importantly, Carbon can bond with itself! Chains, rings,single bonds, double bonds, triple bonds Macromolecules Macromolecules: Literally means “Large” Molecules (aka: Organic molecules) Created when small units (Monomers) join together to form large units (Polymers) Macromolecules come in four flavors: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Carbohydrates SUGARS Made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio Breakdown of Sugars is the main source of energy of living things Extra sugar is stored as starch The monomers in starch polymers are sugar molecules Carbs. The BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS 1 Monomer of sugar = 1 monosaccharide Glucose, fructose A large chain (polymer) of monosaccharides is a polysaccharide (aka: starch) Animal starches = glycogen Plant starches = cellulose Lipids FATS, OILS, WAXES Mostly made of Carbon and Hydrogen Can be stored energy, insulation, found in cell membranes, steroids Can be saturated or unsaturated Lipids. The BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS 1 Monomer of fat = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Nucleic acids are the genetic code for living organisms Every cell has a complete set of DNA and RNA N.A.s The BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS 1 Monomer of a Nucleic Acid = 1 Nucleotide A large chain (polymer) of nucleotides is a Nucleic Acid (ie: RNA or DNA) Nucleotides consist of: One Nitrogen Base One 5 - Carbon Sugar One Phosphate Group Proteins Everything Else Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, sometimes Sulfur Proteins are everything from muscles to hair to hormones Some proteins are enzymes (catalysts), some are used for transport around an organism The Shape of a protein is incredibly important Proteins: The Basic Building Blocks 1 Monomer of a Protein = 1 amino acid A large chain (polymer) of amino acids is a Polypeptide All amino acids have a Polypeptides are proteins Amino group (Always same) Carboxyl group (Always same) R-group (1 of 20) There are 20 different amino acids SECTION 2-4 Chem. Reactions A process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another Some are slow Iron + Oxygen Iron oxide (aka: Rust) (Reactants) (Product) Some are fast Some chemical reactions release energy, others absorb (require) it. 2H2O 2H2 + O2 (Release as heat) 2H2 + O2 2H2O (Requires heat to happen) Energy Cont. In order to stay alive, we reactions that both absorb and release energy Energy used in reactions comes from food Normally Sugar ACTIVATION ENERGY Amount of energy required to get a reaction started IE: Holding flame to paper for combustion Enzymes Catalyst Catalysts in living things are called Any substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction (lower activation energy) ENZYMES Enzymes are PROTEINS that speed up biological reactions Reactants join together on an enzyme and create a chemical reaction The Lock and Key Complex Reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are called When the substrates join together at an ACTIVE SITE of an enzyme, they create a SUBSTRATES ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX Enzymes are substrate specific (One enzyme for a particular reaction will not work with substrates from another particular reaction) Because of the specific fit, the ES Complex is called a LOCK AND KEY COMPLEX Lock and Key Model QUESTIONS Describe the role of energy in chemical reactions? What are enzymes and how are they important in living things? Describe how enzymes work. Enzyme Regulation Enzymes are delicate They work best at specific pHs They work best at about 37 degrees C When conditions are not optimal, enzymes change shape and lose function Enzymes can be turned “on” or “off” by other proteins depending on how many are needed