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Transcript
Unit 4: Cells Learning Goal 3: Identify the function and properties of the four major biological molecules and water. Water The single most abundant compound found in living things. One of the few compounds that are liquid at the temperature found over much of the Earth’s surface. Expands as it freezes. Ice is less dense than water. pH Scale Section 2-2 Increasingly Basic Oven cleaner Neutral Increasingly Acidic •Water has a pH of 7. • This means it is neutral. Bleach Ammonia solution Soap Sea water Human blood Pure water Milk Normal rainfall Acid rain Tomato juice Lemon juice Stomach acid Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution Section 2-2 ClWater Water is a universal solvent. Cl+Na Water Na+ Water H2O It is a neutral molecule (10 protons and 10 electrons). A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and the hydrogen atoms. • Because of it is a polar molecule the water molecules can be attracted to one another forming hydrogen bonds. These bonds are not as strong as covalent or ionic bonds. Water is cohesive. • Cohesion is an attraction between molecules of the same substance. This causes water to form drops on a smooth surface, or allows paperclips to float. • Adhesion is an attraction between molecules of different substances. This allows water to creep up from the roots of plant to the very top of the plant (capillary action). Organic Macromolecules http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=43698 Formed by a process known as polymerization. Large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. Monomers = smaller units Polymers = joined together monomers. Carbohydrates http://streaming.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?title=Carbohydrates&video_id=43700 Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen usually in a 1:2:1 ratio. Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Monosaccharide • A single sugar molecule. Glucose, galactose, and fructose. Polysaccharides • Large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides. Many animals store glycogen. • Plant use plant starch and cellulose. Figure 2-13 A Starch Section 2-3 Starch Glucose Lipids http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=43703 Generally not soluble in water. Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen. Common categories are fats, oils, and waxes. Lipids can be used to store energy. Some are an important part of membranes and waterproof coverings. Lipids Saturated – the fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated – The fatty acid contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond. Polyunsaturated means that it contains more than one double bond. Nucleic Acids http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=43705&title=Nucliec_Acids Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Polymers assembled from nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are two types of nucleic acids. • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Nucleic acids store and transmit heredity, or genetic, information. Proteins http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=43704 Contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Polymers of amino acids. Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles. Some proteins are used to transport substances into or out of the cell. Some proteins are use to fight disease. Figure 2-16 Amino Acids Section 2-3 Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine Figure 2-17 A Protein Section 2-3 Amino acids Proteins have 4 levels of organization 1st level is the sequence of amino acids in the protein chain, 2nd level is the amino acids can be twisted within the chain. 3rd level is the chain itself may be folded. 4th level is if a protein has more than one chain, each chain has a specific arrangement.