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Transcript
Macromolecules in Life Created by Stella Thalluri 2013 www.beaconmedia.com.au Macromolecules in Life "In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth." (Genesis 1:1) "The earth is the Lord's, and everything in it; the world, and all who live in it." (Psalm 24:1) "For in him [that is, Christ,] all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible...all things have been created through him and for him. He is before all things, and in him all things hold together." (Colossians 1:16-17) Organic molecules are often large molecules made of smaller subunits that are bonded together in various ways. The are four groups of Organic Compounds are: Carbohydrates Compounds formed in this way are called polymers. The sub units are called monomers. Monomers are also known as the building blocks of cells and include sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and Nucleotides. Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates are built from molecular monomers or sub units called sugars that contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The typical sugar has a backbone of three to Seven Carbon atoms. Most of these Carbon atoms have A hydrogen group and a Hydroxyl group attached to them. The General formula for sugars is (CH20)n where n is the number of carbons in the backbone. It is from this formula that carbohydrates derive their name. Carbohydrates = Carbon + Water. Which literally means carbon and water. Carbohydrates fall into one of three categories, depending on the number of sugars they contain. Monosaccharide Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Carbohydrates that consist of a single sugar monomer are called monosaccharide, Mono meaning one and saccharide meaning sugar. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide and one of the most abundant sources of chemical energy in the world. Glucose is the sugar found in the highest concentration in the blood of animals. Our own central nervous system is critically dependant on glucose for energy. Sucrose, lactose and other carbohydrates that contain two sugar monomers are called disaccharides. Disaccharides are formed by the linking of monosaccharide. Mono and Disaccharide are called Simple Carbohydrates because they only consist of one or two sugar monomers. Cells use disaccharides to store or transport energy. When the organism needs energy disaccharides are broken apart into monosaccharide sub units by hydrolysis, sucrose and lactose are two common disaccharide. Polysaccharides are formed by the bonding of monosaccharide and disaccharides. They are called complex carbohydrates because they contain many sugar monomers. Glucose molecules are the building blocks for the polysaccharide, cellulose. In plants cellulose gives structure to the cell walls and in animals, glycogen is used as storage for energy , as starch does for plants. Cellulose Proteins are composed of chains of sub units called amino acids. Multiple amino acids can be linked together to create a polypeptide or protein. They can be linked together through a reaction called a condensation reaction. Condensation reaction removes a water molecule in the making of a bond. When they are linked together this creates a peptide bond. When two are linked together they are called a Dipeptide. Three or more linked together are considered a polypeptide. The structure of an amino acid consists of four groups. Amino group, carboxyl group, Alpha carbon group and the R group. The amino group contains a nitrogen and two Hydrogen atoms. The carboxyl group consists of carbon with a double bonded Oxygen and an OH group (hydroxide) attached to it. In the middle the alpha carbon links the The carboxyl, amino and alpha carbon group will carboxyl and amino group and has a hydrogen On one side and on the other end the R group. remain the same in each amino acid. There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids, each amino acid has a different variable from the other The R group, or variable group, as the amino acids .The atom(s) in the variable group name suggests varies among different amino acids. will determine the function of the amino acid and its properties Proteins are very important molecules in our cells and vary in structure as well as function. Proteins are involved in building muscles, giving structure, reactions in the body and protecting us from disease. Proteins such as enzymes catalyse speeds up biochemical reactions inside living cells. Haemoglobin is one protein which is found in red blood cells and transports oxygen throughout our bodies. Protein such as antibodies defend us against disease; will fight viruses and bacteria that invade the body. Proteins such as carotene make up our skin and nails and gives structure to the body. Receptor proteins receive signals and pass them on to other cells that trigger a reaction in the body. Lipids is the general term used for fats, oils and waxes. Lipids are a type of organic compound that does not form polymers. Fats and other compounds insoluble in water are hydrophobic. Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist of mostly hydrocarbons which form non polar covalent bonds. Fats are mainly constructed from two types of smaller molecules, fatty acids and glycerol. Glycerol consists of three carbons with a hydroxyl group attached to each one. A fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group attached a long hydro carbon chain. Phospholipids is a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. A Triglycerides consists of a glycerol and three fatty acid groups. These are two common lipids in the human body. Lipids provide some protection against shock. They also provide thermal insulation. In foods lipids provide flavour and palatability. They are used as a source of energy Triglycerides and phospholipids contribute to the structure of membranes by the formation of a lipid bilayer of all Plasma Membranes. The Plasma Membranes serve as a barrier to keep separate the inside of a cell and the outside of a cell. The triglycerides and the phospholipids help to achieve this separation by having the polar head of the molecule facing the inside of the cell as well as the outside of the cell thus restricting the flow of water and things to the outside of the cell and vice versa. Fatty acids that are saturated, means they have as many hydrogens bonded to their carbons as possible. Fatty acids that are unsaturated have one or more double bonds connecting their carbons, hence fewer hydrogens. Nucleic acids are the genetic material of organisms There are two types of nucleic acids: Ribonucleic (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic (DNA),which is genetic information that is passed on from generation to generation. Sub units of both of these nucleic acids are called nucleotides. A Nucleotide consists of three components. Phosphate group Pentose Sugar Nitrogenous base These three components are similar but not the same in DNA and RNA. Structure of a nucleotide and DNA Inorganic compounds rarely contain carbon They are usually smaller than organic compounds because if they don’t contain carbon they don’t have the ability for four bonds. Inorganic compounds are also known as electrolytes because they dissociate in water. They following example are crucial for human body functioning. Water Inorganic salts e.g. phosphate (commonly found in ATP and ADP. Minerals e.g. calcium, potassium, phosphorus Oxygen The chemical structure of a water molecule is Water is the most abundant compound in our bodies . Metabolism includes all Chemical reactions within the body. H20. Which means 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen molecule combine to form one water molecule. They are the sub units that form water. A hydrogen bond is the attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative • Water is the main solvent used in atom of one molecule and an electronegative the body as many organic compounds dissolve in water. atom of a different molecule. In this case the • Water facilitates reactions with the body, the breakdown of compounds and releasing of energy as well as the synthesis of new compounds. electronegative atom being oxygen. Minerals are inorganic ions required by both Animal and plant cells. Minerals play a role in metabolic processes of Cells and are incorporated into many structures Produced by cells. For example, animal body structures such as bone and teeth have significant mineral content in the form of calcium. The cell walls of plants contain minerals such As silicon and boron and rely on calcium for their middle lamella. Minerals also contribute to cell manufacture of many hormones, enzymes and vitamins. http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/161Ahydrogenbond. html http://www.wisc online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=ap13204 http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/lipids.html http://www.friedli.com/herbs/phytochem/proteins.html http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/543glucose.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7z0P7yRFZk&feature=related http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYvA6-IWjoI “Nature of Biology”- book 1 Fourth Edition, Authors “Judith Kinnear and Marjory Martin”.