Download Organic Chemistry - Stephanie Campbell

Organic
Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the
chemistry of carbon
compounds.
Biochemistry is the study of
carbon compounds that
crawl.
Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and
determine structure/function of living things
Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together
(salt)
Organic compound features…
1. made from a carbon skeleton which can vary in length
2. can be branched or unbranched
3. can have double bonds which vary in location
4. or may be arranged in rings.
Some organic molecules
Methanol
(methyl alcohol)
Wood spirits, wood alcohol
Toxic - causes blindness,
death, paralysis
Ethanol
(ethyl alcohol)
Spirits, drinking alcohol
Produced by fermentation of
sugars
Isopropyl alcohol
Rubbing alcohol; is oxidized by
the liver into acetone.
Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL
GROUP - which is the area that participates in
chemical reactions
alcohols
acids
bases
Formic acid is the simplest
carboxylic acid. Its chemical
formula is HCO2H.
It is an important intermediate in
chemical synthesis and occurs
naturally, most notably in ant
venom. Its name comes from the
Latin word for ant, formica,
referring to its early isolation by
the distillation of ant bodies.
A major use of formic acid is as
a preservative and antibacterial
agent in livestock feed.
What do you need to know?
1. Distinguish between organic
and inorganic molecules.
2. Know the 4 main groups of
organic compounds.
3. Identify organic compounds
based on their functional group.
MACROMOLECULES important to life
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
What about the carbon
molecule makes it an ideal
molecule for life forms?
1. CARBOHYDRATES
-monosaccharides - simple ring sugars, glucose and fructose
-disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and
lactose
-polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of
monosaccharides
Polysaccharides store energy:
starch (plants)
glycogen (animals)
Polysaccharides are also structural molecules
cellulose - makes up cell walls (plants)
chitin - makes up exoskeletons
Pentoses
- 5 carbon sugars, arranged in a ring
DNA!
What you need to know about carbohydrates
1. Distinguish between monosaccharides,
disaccharides and polysaccharides. (Give examples
of each)
2. Understand how carbohydrates are used in plants
and animals as energy storage molecules.
3. Understand how carbohydrates are used in plants
and animals as structural molecules.
4. Identify biological molecules that contain pentoses
5. Discuss why carbon readily forms bonds to make
long chains.
2. Lipids
Hydrophobic (insoluble in water)
Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat)*
Fats & Oils are made of subunits – glycerol and fatty acids
Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection
Watch what happens
when a soap hits the
hydrophobic milk.
Phospholipids Important structural component of the cell membrane
Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen &
testosterone) – made of 4 fused rings
Cholesterol- a lipid molecule and is biosynthesized by all
animal cells because it is an essential structural component of
animal cell membranes- maintains both membrane structural
integrity and fluidity.
Cholesterol enables animal cells to (a) not need a cell wall
and thus be able to (b) change shape and (c) move about
(unlike bacteria and plant cells which are restricted by their
cell walls).
Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room
temperature;
Unsaturated have double bonds that “kink” the molecule, liquid at
room temperature
What you need to know about lipids
1. Compare saturated to unsaturated fats.
2. List the functions of lipids
3. Identify a steroid from a picture (4 rings)
4. Idenfity the main component of the cell membrane.
3. Proteins
Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide
bonds - proteins are also called polypeptides
Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building
blocks for living tissue
Also used for:
Support | Enzymes | Transport | Defense | Hormones | Motion
Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its
shape, and its functionality
There are 20 known amino acids
Proteins have four shapes
Primary
|
Secondary
| Tertiary | Quaternary
Nucleic Acids
Informational polymers made of individual nucleotides
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Each nucleotide consists of:
1. A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
2. A phosphate
3. A nitrogen base
- adenine
- thymine
- guanine
- cytosine
- uracil (in RNA)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule, bonds
broken to release energy
MATCHING
a. carbohydrate
c. protein
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
b. lipids
d. nucleic acids
contains adenine and thymine
lactose
chains of amino acids
long term energy storage
cholesterol
chains of fatty acids and glycerol
plant cell walls