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Energy Systems Lesson 5.1 Where do we get Energy for our working muscles? The Three Energy Nutrients Proteins © iStockphoto.com/”Kativ” © iStockphoto.com/”og-vision/OlgaLIS” Fats © iStockphoto.com/”Roman Chmiel” Carbohydrates Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and stored into the muscle as glycogen. • Most easily broken down into this state which is why they are the first thing our body uses as a form of energy. Proteins • Proteins are broken down into amino acids. • Proteins are used for energy when the body is in starvation mode. Fats • Fats are broken down in to fatty acids and a glycerol. • Fats are the LAST energy source which is used. How does our body use what we eat? How does our body use what we eat? Adenosine DI phosphate (missing a phosphate and can not produce energy) 1 molecule of GLUCOSE = 2 molecules ATP Consumption of food Energy production Food is broken down by the body into GLUCOSE (primary fuel source) • ATP = Adenosine TRI Phosphate – 3 phosphates are present Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ATP is a usable form of energy for the body. Made in the mitochondrion Resynthesized in two ways Aerobically Anaerobically ATP ADP + Pi + ENERGY • ATP is the molecule that gives every cell in our body energy to function. • All things in our body require energy in order to be able to function properly. – Food metabolism – Heart beat – Muscles contract • When you need energy it is on. • When you don’t need energy it is being stored and not used. 2 ways to re-synthesize ATP Aerobic System Two Energy Systems Aerobic System In the presence of oxygen (O2) All of its metabolic activity will involve O2 Occurs in the mitochondria Leads to the complete breakdown of glucose • With the presence of oxygen you are able to perform an activity over a long period of time with a balanced intensity. • What is an example of “aerobic activity” – Requires oxygen • How does your body react? – Heart rate increases – Breathing increases Aerobic System • Any activity longer than 90s • Mitochondria of cells • C6H12O6 + 6O2 +36ADP +36Pi --> 6CO2 + 36ATP 6H2O + E ETC – the finer details • When oxygen is reduced, it also bonds with 2 H+, and forms one H2O (inside the matrix) • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor (This is why we need oxygen to live!) ATP Synthase http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KU-B7G6anqw&feature=fvst Anaerobic • Occurs in the muscle fiber, only using chemicals and enzymes readily available. • Smaller amounts of energy are produced • No oxygen is needed for this reaction • Needed for short and medium length activities. – Ex: weight lifting, short shifts in hockey The two systems do not act as opposing systems. The two systems co-exist. Sport Books Publisher 25 Three Metabolic Pathways Sport Books Publisher 26 Three Metabolic Pathways • Within the ANAEROBIC and AEROBIC systems, there are 3 metabolic pathways by which ATP energy reserves are restored: – ATP-PC pathway (anaerobic alactic) – Glycolysis pathway (anaerobic lactic) – Cellular respiration (aerobic) 27 High Energy Phosphate System P ENERGY Creatine ADP + Pi ATP Sport Books Publisher 28 ATP-PC System ATP-PC System (anaerobic alactic) First of two anaerobic energy pathways Relies on the action of stored ATP and phosphocreatine Yields enough ATP for 7-12 seconds of energy Provides highest rate of ATP synthesis PC + ADP ATP + CREATINE ATP-PC • Plays an important role in sporting events which only last a few seconds, but require large bursts of energy. – Ex: Olympic weight lifting, high jump, 50-100 m dash. • HOWEVER – muscles do not have large supplies of phosphocreatine, and after about 10-15 seconds, body begins to rely on the seond system. High Energy Phosphate System Overview Primary energy source: Stored ATP, CP Duration of activity: 7 to 12 s Sporting events: Weightlifting, high jump, long jump, 100 m run, 25 m swim Advantages: Produces very large amount of energy in a short amount of time Limiting factors: Initial concentration of high energy phosphates (ATP, PC) Sport Books Publisher 31 The Anaerobic Glycolytic System Glycogen ENERGY Lactic Acid ADP + Pi ATP Sport Books Publisher 32 Glycolysis • A biochemical process that releases energy in the form of ATP from glycogen and glucose • anaerobic process (in the absence of oxygen) • The products of glycolysis (per molecule of glycogen): - 2 molecules of ATP - 2 molecules of pyruvic acid • The by-product of glycolysis (per molecule of glycogen): - 2 molecules of lactic acid 33 The Anaerobic Glycolytic System • Starts when: – the reserves of high energy phosphate compounds fall to a low level – the rate of glycolysis is high and there is a buildup of pyruvic acid 34 Anaerobic Threshold • The exercise intensity at which lactic acid begins to accumulate within the blood • The point during exercise where a person begins to feel discomfort and burning sensations in the muscles • Lactic acid is used to store pyruvate and hydrogen ions until they can be processed by the aerobic system 35 Substrates for the anaerobic energy system • The primary source of substrates is carbohydrate • Carbohydrates: – primary dietary source of glucose – primary energy fuels for brain, muscles, heart, liver 36 Carbohydrate breakdown and storage Complex Carbohydrates Digestive system Glucose Blood Stream Circulation of glucose throughout body Glucose stored in blood Glucogenesis Glycogen Glycogen stored in muscle or liver 37 LACTIC ACID CHALLENGE What is lactic acid challenge? • This is a class challenge. – Find an place on the wall, and the person who can perform a wall sit for the longest – will win a prize! • Describe what you felt that made you want to stop? What is lactic acid? • After 2 or 3 minutes of a sustained activity the body can not break down glucose fast enough to keep up. • Lactic Acid builds up in the muscle fibers • You are forced to slow down/stop – as it causes pain/discomfort in the muscle. The Anaerobic Glycolytic System Overview Primary energy source: Stored glycogen, blood glucose Duration of activity: 12 s to 3 min Sporting events: 800 m run, 200 m swim, downhill ski racing, 1500 m speedskating Advantages: Ability to produce energy under conditions of inadequate oxygen Limiting factors: Lactic acid build up, H+ ions build up (decrease of pH) 41 The Role of Three Energy Systems During an Allout Exercise Activity of Different Duration Sport Books Publisher 42