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Transcript
BCOR 11 – Exploring Biology Lecture 1 08/29/05 Introduction Dr. Mike Vayda Dr. Don Stratton TODAY’S TOPICS Course Operations Principles of Living Things Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes The Basis for Scientific Discovery Hypothesis testing through data collection Course Fundamentals Scope and Purpose: Cellular Biology Module Molecules, Cell Physiology, Molecular Genetics Course Homepage: www.uvm.edu/~biology/classes/011/ Text: Biology, 7th Edition by Campbell and Reece Lecture Schedule, Assigned Readings: www.uvm.edu/~biology/classes/011/?page=lecsched.html Exams: Take best 2 out of 3 Sept 23, Oct 19, Nov 14 REQUIRED Final Exam week of Dec 10 No make up exams Exam Format: multiple, multiple choice can have 1 or more correct answers Must come to our sections B or D REVIEW SESSION before each exam 1. 4. Water can spontaneously dissociate to form: a. Two political parties b. H+ and OH- species c. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic species d. Na+ and Cl- species e. Chiral (handed) carbons f. Membrane-bound organelles g. Ions h. Hydrogen bonds to nonpolar functional groups j. Democratic presidential candidates k. dipoles The molecule pictured at right : a. Is an amino acid b. Contains a chiral carbon c. Is a nucleic acid monomer d. Is soluble in water e. Is the left handed form of a stereoisomer pair d. Is a building block of proteins e. Is alanine f. Is glutamic acid g. Is glucose h. Has a polar R-group j. Was downloaded from Howard Dean’s Web Site STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS Come to Class Take notes, ask questions, review frequently Read the Book! Office Hours: Vayda - call 6-0555 or [email protected] Stratton – call 6-9371 or [email protected] Study with friends, classmates Tutoring available from Living and Learning 6-4075 (Dave DiElsi) Lecture and Lab Concepts vs. Techniques Molecules Water Macromolecules Cell Structures Energetics Cellular Biochemistry Cell Division Molecular Genetics Microscopy Immunocytochemistry Bacterial transformation Protein isolation and characterization DNA isolation and characterization Lectures NOT coupled to Labs GRADING 200 pts – hour exams 200 pts – final exam 200 pts – Laboratory 100 pts – Assignments (through Lab) 700 pts TOTAL Academic Honesty - exams - lab write ups QUESTIONS on Course Operations ? Chapter 1 Readings Topics Properties of Living Things Types of Cells Emergent Properties Reductionism, Systems Biology Feedback Taxonomy Evolution Hypothesis Driven Science We recognize life by what organisms do: Adapt through Natural Selection respond Create order (a) Order (b) Evolutionary adaptation (c) Response to the environment Produce Offspring Regulate Their Domain (d) Regulation Control energy flow Figure 1.2 (e) Energy processing (f) Growth and development (g) Reproduction grow Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Species Individual Multicellular Organism System Organ Tissue CELL CELL Sub-cellular Organelles Sub-cellular Complexes Macromolecules Monomeric molecules Atoms Subatomic Particles -protons -neutrons -electrons Fundamental Life Processes 1. The CELL is the basic unit of life 2. All cells come from pre-existing cells Concentrate things against gradients 3. Cells Delineate INSIDE from OUTSIDE compartments control the microenvironment - MEMBRANES 4. Build COMPLEX STRUCTURES from simple structures monomers polymers Create ORDER and COMPLEXITY 5. Life Requires ENERGY INPUT, because of 3 & 4 going uphill 6. ORGANIZATION (SPATIAL INFORMATION) heredity, cell organization, self-assembly – informational surfaces Chapter 1 Readings Topics Properties of Living Things Types of Cells Emergent Properties Reductionism, Systems Biology Feedback Taxonomy Evolution Hypothesis Driven Science Two Broad Classes of Cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Pro = before Eu = true karyon = nucleus DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS NO internal membranes HAVE A NUCLEUS membrane-bound organelles bacteria, cyanobacteria archaebacteria plants Animals fungi Relative Sizes “Typical” Bacterium ~ 1-2 M “Typical” Animal Cell ~ 5 to 20 M diameter “Typical” Plant Cell ~ 5 to 50 M diameter M = micrometer or micron =10-6 meter Tissues Cells Proteins Milli micro nano Organelles Macromolecules Macromolecular Complexes Molecules/Atoms Internal membrane-bound Organelles Animal Cell (Eukaryotic) No internal membranes Bacterial Cell (Prokaryotic) On the same size scale: Bacterial cell (Prokaryotic Animal Cell (Eukaryotic) TAXONOMY – grouping of organisms with similar characteristics • Classifying life Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Figure 1.14 Eukarya Kingdom Domain Unity in the Diversity of Life • As diverse as life is – There is also evidence of remarkable unity 15 µm Genetic Mechanisms Biochemistry Cellular Components, organization, function 1.0 µm Cilia of Paramecium. The cilia of Paramecium propel the cell through pond water. 5 µm Figure 1.16 Cross section of cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving a film of debris-trapping mucus upward. The SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. FORMULATE a reasonable hypothesis to Explain an observation 2. TEST the hypothesis with a Controlled, Reproducible Experiment 3. ASSESS results of the experiment 4. Draw CONCLUSION of “How Things Work” - then test that “[scientific truth] is not a citadel of certainty to be defended against error; it is a shady spot where one eats lunch before tramping on” L. White, 1968 Observations Questions Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Test prediction Figure 1.25 Test falsifies hypothesis Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test prediction Test does not falsify hypothesis prior to the 17th Century Life was considered “super-natural” beyond the Laws of Nature SPONTANEOUS GENERATION living things arise de novo = “from nothing” Wet hay gives rise to mice mosquitoes come from swamps, ponds, puddles decaying corpses turn into maggots Francesco Redi’s experiment: Start Control Experimental Control Experimental 1 week later Conclusion: Maggots come from flies, not from the decaying meat Redi’s Follow-Up Experiment: Cover 1 week Conclusion: maggots are immature forms of flies Next Time Chapter 2: Atoms, Bonding, Molecules Will begin - Chapter 3: Water