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Transcript
Define the following vocabulary: 1. Charles Darwin Developed the theory of evolution by the process of natural selection 2. Mutation Any change in DNA. May be positive (beneficial), negative(harmful) or neutral (no impact) 3. Variation 4. Population different traits of a population due to differences in the genetic code. Differences occur through mutations or meiosis (reproduction) All of the individuals of the same species in a specific area or location (population of turtles in the courtyard at WMS) 5. Adaptation Beneficial inheritable variation that helps an organism survive in their environment and reproduce 6. Natural Selection the survival and reproduction of the individuals in a population that exhibit the traits that best enable them to survive in their environment. 7. Galapagos Islands 8. (Genetic) Trait Islands where Darwin noticed that finches and other organisms were similar to mainland species but had changed over time to better fit the island environments. This was one of many observations that led him to the theory of evolution. Physical characteristic that is coded in the organism’s DNA and can be passed down to their offspring 9. Extinction 10. Evolution 11. Fossil 12. Fossil Record when a species is no longer living on the face of the Earth change in a population over time Preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past. The collection of the millions of fossils that scientists have collected. Though it isn’t complete, it tells the story of life on Earth and allows us to track the changes in populations over time (evolution) 13. Relative Dating Using the fossils location in the rock layers to determine the relative age (estimated rather than measured) Deeper in the rock=older the fossil 14. Radiometric (radioactive dating) Dating fossils by measuring the amount of radioactive (unstable) elements in the rocks where the fossils are found. 15. Early development/Embryology as evidence of evolution 16. Homologous Structures/anatomical structures as evidence of evolution 17. Distribution of organisms as evidence of evolution The study of the similar early development of organisms (the embryos) that in later development have very different adult forms. Evidence of a common ancestor since the organisms all start out as very similar embryos. Structures that are similar in form (1 bone-2 bone-wrist bone-fingers) but may have a different function based on the environment in which they live. Evidence of common ancestor since the general form is the same, but organisms changed over time to better fit their environment. (Whales moving from land to water-still have the same form as our arms but use them very differently) Organisms on an island are more related to the mainland species but have changed over time to better fit their environment. Squirrels at the grand canyon are another example. Tortoises on different islands share common ancestor but evolved to better fit their island environment. 18. Genetic information (DNA analysis) as evidence for evolution 19. Isolation and its role in producing new species The closer two organisms are related then the more similar their DNA sequences will be. It shows that they share a more recent common ancestor. When a population of a species is isolated, random mutations and meiosis will create variations in that population. Natural selection will cause the variations that best fit the environment to survive and reproduce. If the isolated population is in a different environment, it will change differently than the original population. If the two populations ever come back together, the changes may be so large that the two groups cannot mate and produce fertile offspring. They will be two separate species. (Remember the salamanders in California, one population adapted to the environment with different variations of camouflage, the other population adapted to their environment with the variation of mimicry-when they looked like the very poisonous newt.) Answer the following questions: 1. Identify the 6 lines of evidence for evolution and explain how they are evidence for evolution 1. Fossil Record-bones show the changes of life on earth and specific changes to species as they changed over time. 2. Anatomy/homologous structures- Organisms that have the same forms of structure but use them in different ways is evidence that they descended from a common ancestor. Over time, the bone pattern stayed the same but the structures were slightly modified for different functions as each species adapted to a different environment. We can use the fossil record to track many of these changes through time. 2. Distribution of Organisms- Island species are more closely related to the nearest mainland species but over time, both populations have evolved to better fit their different environments. 4. Radiometric dating-using radioactive isotopes (unstable elements) to determine the age of the rocks in which we find fossils. Also beneficial in determining the age of the Earth. 5. DNA/Molecular evidence-Scientists analyze DNA sequences to determine the relationships among different species living today. The more similar the DNA, the more closely related the organisms (more recent common ancestor) 6. Early Development/embryology-when organisms share a common ancestor, they begin life looking very similar. In the earliest development, the form and the structures of the embryos are very similar indicating a common ancestor but as they develop the organisms change into very different adult forms. 2. Identify two ways variations can be introduced into a population? Meiosis (reproduction) and mutations 3. Explain how different factors in the environment can bring about changes in the population. Predator-Prey relationship can be a pressure that can cause a variation to be beneficial so that it is naturally selected leading to evolution of the population. Changes in the environment: Examples: color of the bark of a tree (pepper moth); temperature of environment; availability of food; etc. can cause a variation to be beneficial so that it is naturally selected. Organisms with the variation (adaptation) are more likely to survive and reproduce to have offspring with the beneficial trait. Over time, the population will change so that a beneficial variation is more common this is evolution. 4. Describe how mutations, variations, adaptations, natural selection (naturally selected) , and extinction (extinct) cause evolution (evolve) to occur. Mutations and meiosis (reproduction) can cause variations in the traits in a population. Depending on the environment, these variations may be neutral, harmful (negative), or helpful (positive). If the variation is helpful, it is considered an adaptation. Adaptations can be functional, structural, or behavioral. Because organisms with the adaptation are more likely to survive and reproduce offspring with the beneficial trait, the variation is naturally selected and over time, the population will evolve to have more individuals with the beneficial variation/adaptation. If no individual in the population has a beneficial variation to meet the changes in the environment, then the population will struggle to survive and will probably go extinct. 5. Explain why natural selection can only act on traits that can be inherited and NOT acquired traits. Natural selection can only act on traits that can be inherited because evolution (the change in the population over time), relies on the fact that the beneficial trait will be passed down to the offspring for generations to come so that the population’s traits shift to the beneficial trait. If the trait cannot be passed down, it will benefit the individual, but the population itself will still be at risk for extinction. 6. Identify examples of homologous structures and explain how they are evidence for evolution. Arms (forelimbs) of bats, whales, cats, dogs, chickens, humans. Though they are all used for different functions, they are all the basic same form of 1 bone (humerus) connected to two bones (ulna and radius) to the wrist bone and fingers. Each bone has been modified over time to fit the needs of the different organisms evolving in different environments. (Think about the whale evolution movie and the anatomical (homologous) structure station. We can determine the ancestors of the whale by tracking the changes in the arms and legs of the whale.) Be Ready to: 7. Recognize the different types of evidence of evolution based on a description or an image. 8. Apply your understanding of evolution to examples 9. Analyze relationships using evidence (similar to cytochrome C class activity) Resources: Brain Pop videos: Natural selection, Charles Darwin Stated Clearly: “Evolution”, “Natural Selection”, and “Evidence for Evolution” Quizlet: Evolution