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Unit 7 Research into Population Genetics Background Information Luca Cavalli-Sforza: Cavalli-Sforza, borna in Genoa, Italy, was with Walter Bodmer comprehensive survey educated at thein University of Pavia where he of the subject their Genetics, Evolution and gained his MDHe in has 1944. After working Man (1976). also done much on to show bacterial genetics at Cambridge (1948-1950) how genetic data from present human racial and Milan (1950-1957) he has held chairs in groups could be used to reconstruct their genetics at Parma (1958-1962) and Pavia past separations. This (1962-1970). In 1970 hereconstruction, was appointed based on the analysis of 58at genes, yields a of professor of genetics the University bifurcated evolutionary tree with Caucasian Stanford, California, a position he held until his retirement in races 1992. in Cavalli-Sforza has Orientals, and African one branch and specialized in the genetics of human Oceanians,mainly and Amerinds in the other. populations, producing Background Information: Columbus: Columbus’s Columbus, real greatness lies in the fact Christopher an Italian-born that having found(born the West IndiesItaly — making master navigator in Genoa, in 1451 and died at Valladolid, Spain in 1506) who major errors in his navigational computations sailed in the service Spain, commonly and location in doingofso — he is was able to find described as the discoverer of the New World— his way back to Europe and return to the America. His four transatlantic voyages (1492India. 1493-1496, It is as a result of Columbus’ 1493, 1498-1500, and 1502-1504) “discovery” thatfor theEuropean New World became part opened the way exploration, exploitation, and world. colonization of the Americas. of the European Background Information The human genetic map: An adult, for example, carries about a billion Our hemoglobin bodies are comprised trillions of trillion molecules.ofThe flow of microscopic units called cells. Cells in turn genetic information is from DNA to RNA to are built up from specific types of molecules, Protein. Eachmany protein is a linear polymer of a both large and small. Thedifferent large molecules or specific sequence of 20 amino acids. macromolecules include polysaccharides, DNA is also a linear polymer comprised of 4 nucleic and proteins. Proteins of areamino the types ofacids nucleotides. The sequence workhorses ofprotein our cells. There are acids in each is encoded byabout a segment 40,000 types Three of proteins in our of DNA different called a gene. consecutive bodies. Eachinprotein present many, many nucleotides a geneisencode a in single amino copies. acid in the corresponding protein. The genetic code is universal among all living things. Background Information: Khoisan: Khoisan is the name by which the lighter skinned indigenous peoples of southern Africa, the Khoi (Hottentots) and the San (Bushmen) are known. These people were the earliest inhabitants of Africa and dominated the sub-continent for millennia before the appearance of the Nguni and other black peoples. There were probably about 120,000 living in South Africa around 1500. Background Information Basques: There are about 660,000, according The Basques are a people whothe liveBasques into a the No one knows exactly where 1991 Fewerthe than 80,000 of these arein small census. region (about size of Rhode Island came from. Some say theyfrontier lived inwhich that area on the French side of the runsof the United States) that straddles the border since Cro-Magnon man first roamed through the Basque Country, the restEurope. on the Spain and France from the sea in the west Spanish side. Basques speak a language called Estimates of how long they have lived there into the Pyrenees in the east. This area is euskara, but today only about 25% of the vary from 10,000 to in 75,000 years.seven Some called Euskal Herria (comprising population is fluent that tongue. Even say so, the provinces, historically: Araba, Bizkaia,Iberians. they are from the original word for descended a Basque person, euskaldun, means Gipuzkoa, and Navarra on language”. theasSpanish side; “possessor of theories the Basque The More fanciful exist, well. One is Laburdi,population Zuberoa, and Behe-Nafarroa on the Basque is distinguished physically that the Basques are the descendents of the by a high incidence of Rh Negative factor in the French side). survivors of Atlantis. blood. Text Structure Analysis: Part I (Para. 1-2): book 3-4): The History and Geography of PartThe II (Para. Human Genes proves that the areto It III took decades and pains for“races” scientists Part (Para. 5-9): alike under the skin and creates the first collect the four information needed to draw the The book’s remarkable discoveries: Part IV (Para. 10): genetic map the world, the closest 1)A colortree. map of of genetic variation has Africa at family Apart from ofatthe one endwe of thescientific range andpurposes Australia the other; thing have to a global family tree. research, social objective is to weaken 2)Africa wasits the birthplace of humanity; conventional notions of the raceorigins that cause racial 3)the genetic maps show of populations; and prejudice. 4)genetic information is also the latest raw material of the medical industry. Summary of the Text: As the most extensive survey to date on how humans vary at the level of their genes, the book The History and Geography of Human Genes made two remarkable contributions to science: There is no scientific basis for the genetic superiority of one race over any other one; and it creates the first genetic map of the world. In the process of collecting information for the book, however, scientists encountered great difficulties. The ultimate goal of their work is to remove racial prejudice. Words and Expressions extensive to date nothing less than migrate be confined to as of in effect assume adapt to indicate shed light on conventional 1. extensive: a. including or dealing with a wide range of information (Para. 1) The baby was put through extensive tests during a 10-day stay. 他们让这个婴儿住院10天接受了全面的检查。 The function of the victories in providing the regime with even more extensive popular backing seems undeniable. 这些胜利为该政权提供了更为广泛的支持,这一点似 乎是不可否认的。 2. to date: until now (Para. 1) To date, research has focused on cell multiplication. 迄今为止,研究已经集中到细胞繁殖上。 There is no evidence, to date, that making people belt up turns them into worse drivers. 至今仍没有迹象表明司机们系安全带会影响驾驶。 3. nothing less than: exactly the same as (Para. 2) You’re nothing less than a murderer. 你简直是一个杀人犯! The present trend is nothing less than alarming. 当前这种趋势确实令人担心。 4. migrate: move from one place to another (Para. 2) Mexican farm workers migrate into the U.S. each year to find work at harvest time. 墨西哥农场工人每年有大批外出去美国,希望能在丰 收季节找到工作。 In September these birds migrate 2,000 miles south to a warmer climate. 九月,这些鸟向气候温暖的南方迁徙2000英里。 5. be confined to: be restricted or kept within certain limits or time (Para. 3) So far, fighting has been confined to the capital. 到目前为止,战斗仍没有超出首都的范围。 Disasters of this sort were confined to neither traditionally flooded land nor the winter months. 这种灾难不只发生在洪水泛滥的地区,也不只发生在 冬季。 6. as of: starting from (Para. 3) As of the first of July, all back seat passengers must wear seat belts. 从7月1日起,所有后座上的乘客必须系安全带。 The new timetable will come into effect as of January 2003. 新的时间表将从2003年1月起生效。 7. in effect: in fact (Para. 3) What the management is saying, in effect, is that they are going to stop recruiting new staff. 管理层的实际意思是,他们将停止招聘新员工。 In effect, your sister is making a fool of you. 事实上,你妹妹在愚弄你。 8. assume: think or accept that sth. is true but without proof of it (Para. 5) If you are rude to other people, your child will assume that this kind of behavior is acceptable. 如果你对别人不礼貌,你的孩子就会认为这样做是可 以的。 In other academic areas it is assumed that the teacher knows more than the student. 在其他学术领域,人们都想当然地认为老师总是比学 生知道的多。 9. adapt to: change in order to deal more successfully with a new situation (Para. 4) In deeper waters, dwells an astonishing range of creatures adapting well to great pressures, extreme darkness, and a food supply only available there. 在深水区居住着种类惊人庞大的生物,它们能适应巨大的压 力,极度的黑暗和有限的食物。 Old buildings and streets, well cared for and adapted to today’s needs, vastly enhance the quality of life. 古老的建筑和街道被很好地维护和调整以适应今天的需要, 这大大地提高了我们的生活质量。 10. indicate: v. be a sign of; show that sth. is possible or likely (Para. 9) These responses indicate that there is a general feeling of dissatisfaction among voters of all age groups. 这些回应表明,各个年龄层的投票者都有一种普遍的不 满情绪。 Mr. Meacher indicated that a Labour government would be likely set up new industrial courts. 米彻先生表示,工党政府将可能成立新的工业法庭! 11. shed light on: make a problem easier to understand (Para. 7) Scientists working in the Gobi desert have shed new light on the life of dinosaurs. 在戈壁滩上工作的科学家们对恐龙的生活有了新的认识。 The research is expected to shed light on the social consequences of cities’ changing economic roles. 这一研究希望弄清城市不断变化的经济角色所带来的社 会影响。 12. conventional: a. following what is traditional or considered to be normal (Para. 10) The house was built with conventional materials. 这房子是用传统的材料建造的。 They are a conventional family. 他们是一个传统的家庭。 Questions for Discussion: 1. How did the researchers obtain the information to write their book? 2. What two scientific aims does the book have? Writing: A Letter of Self-recommendation (自荐信) 1.阐明你欲深造的专业 2. 阐述你的学业背景…… 3. 表明在此深造的目的和理由 写作模式(1) 1) With four years of my college life devoted entirely to…, I am thrilled to find myself particularly interested in... 2) To make an outstanding researcher of me in this field, however, I am very conscious of my inadequacy in… and so strongly motivated to pursue a master’s degree in the Department of… at your University. 写作模式(2) 3) Fully aware of the importance of solid academic foundation to my professional pursuit, I committed myself, from the very beginning, to the acquisition of basic knowledge. 4) An obvious indication of my diligence was the fact that… 5) While at the stage of major courses, I could integrate the fragments of my insight from each lecture or book into a better understanding of the area 进一步阐述) 写作模式(3) of... 6) The deeper I immersed myself into the ocean of…, in fact, the greater my enthusiasm grew for… 7) So, I seized on every chance, including…, to… and to… 8) And meanwhile I never slackened my efforts in… 9) I always cling to the motto that any success in life rests with… 写作模式(4) 10) What I have done so far, however, is just the first step on my way to being… 11) To my great delight, the Department of… of your University, high ranked in the world and rich with academic climate, can render me better able to… 12) Thus, I have every reason to believe that my… and your…, complete with my firm commitment to…, will turn my ambition into reality.