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Acute poisonings with substances of abuse Identification of intoxication Suspition of intoxication Preliminary CNS evaluation Agitation Midriasis, normal photoreaction Psichostimulants Suppression Normal pupils, photoreaction Ethanol Myosis, no photoreaction Opioids THC Vilnius toxikology clinic 2003 Opioids Natural (opiates) Morphine Codeine Semisynthetic Heroin Hydromorphone Oxymorphone Oxycodone Synthetic Methadone Meperidine Levorphal Fentanyl 3-methylfentanyl Propoxyphene Tramadol Opioids Pharmacology Generally, all opioid agonist drugs exert the same pharmacological effects in the CNS and periphery, but differ in pharmacokinetic properties, e.g. duration of action, potency, ability to cross bloodbrain-barrier Opioid overdose CNS Symptoms I • Respiratory depression, intensive central cyanosis (bradipnoe 2-4/min.) • Sedation and drowsiness, unconsciousness up to coma • Miosis • Hypothermia Opioid overdose CNS Symptoms II • • • • • Suppression of cough Suppression of pain Nausea and vomiting Euphoria or dysphoria Seizures Opioid overdose Periphery Symptoms • • • • • Cardiovascular: vasodilatation, hypotension Urinary tract: urinary urgency and retention Skin: urticaria from histamine release GI tract: constipation Uterus: decreased contractions Opioid overdose Treatment • CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) • Naloxone – bolus 2 mg I/V (0,4-2mg) to 10 mg (If no I/V access - sublingual, endotracheal, i/m), continous infusion • In-patient monitoring at least 12 hours • Heating Cocaine Neurochemical actions • Blockade of reuptake of NE, DA and serotonin: – Low dose: preferential action on NE reuptake – Moderate dose: NE and DA reuptake – High doses: NE, DA and serotonin reuptake • Local anesthetic action: – blockade of sodium channels Cocaine I Neurotransmission http://drugabuse.gov Cocaine Neurotransmission II http://drugabuse.gov Cocaine Neurotransmission III http://drugabuse.gov Cocaine overdose Symptoms I • • • • • • • • Agitation to psychosis Halucinations Mydriasis Hypertermia (>41OC) Hypertension Tachycardia Seizures Coma Cocaine overdose Symptoms II • Ischemic complications (vasospasm) – Myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, etc. • Haemorrhagic complications (hypertension) – Subarachnoid, intracerebral hemorrhage, aortic dissection, etc. • Dysrhytmias to ventricular fibrilation Cocaine overdose Treatment No antidotes • • CPR • Agitation, psychosis, seizures, hypertension, tachycardia BZD (Diazepam 10-100 mg) • Hyperthermia external cooling (<41OC) • Severe hypertension phentolamin, nitropruside • SVT - Ca antagonists • VT - lidocaine • No β-blockers Heroin+Cocaine overdose Symptoms • Changing clinical signs (swing) Cocaine ↔ opioids • • • • Coma Respiratory depression Midriasis Tachycardia Heroin+Cocaine overdose Treatment • • • • • CPR Naloxone: bolus 2 mg i/v + continous infusion In-patient monitoring at least 12 hours Symptomic treatment Benzodiazepines Body packing and stuffing Is it the same? • Packing – action, when a person transports illicit drugs in a body orifice. The risk of package rupture is more remote. • Stuffing – action, when a person places drugs in a body orifice in a moment of imminent danger. In this case drugs are not well packaged for transportation, hence the high risk for leakage Body packing and stuffing Investigations • Ultrasonography • Contrast X-ray of the bowel • Computerized tomography • Drug detection in urine and blood • Clinical observation • Light solid diet • Free assumption of liquids • Surgical removal, if mechanical obstruction occurs • Treatment of systemic symptoms Body packing and stuffing Investigations Radiographic Approaches to the Identification of Body packing Study Indications Sensivity Comments Plain abdominal radiography Screening test 85-90% Sensivity for finding small numbers of packets may be lower. May miss substantial numbers of packets Ultrasonogra phy Screening test No established Has the potential to be very useful, large studies needed CT Used if equivocal results obtained on initial screening test. Used to document that GT is clear No established Large studies needed Contrast enhanced abdominal radiography Used if equivocal results obtained on initial screening test. Used to document that GT is clear 96% Reported sensitivity based on 1 study Body packing and stuffing Levels of packages security • I - 1 protective layer • II - 2 protective layers; in our case • III – machine-made (4-7 protective layers) Body packing and stuffing First detected case in Lithuania • A 31 year old male was brought to the Department of Toxicology by customs officers after disembarking at the Vilnius International Airport suspecting of cocaine transport Body packing and stuffing First detected case in Lithuania • There were no any complaints and examination of patient didn’t show any pathology • All blood tests were normal • Patient refused endoscopy, but agree to contrast X- ray investigation • Foreign bodies were detected in the gastrointestinal tract by X-ray photography • Toxicological analysis for narcotics of urine and blood were done Body packing and stuffing First detected case in Lithuania • Observation (blood pressure, heart frequency, temperature, neurological assessment every hour) • Mild laxative in conjunction with sufficient beverages Body packing and stuffing First detected case in Lithuania Fill defects “double condom’’ sign Body packing and stuffing First detected case in Lithuania 39 packets were excreted on the first day, 10 – on the second day, 3 – at the third day X-ray 3 days later revealed foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract (“double condom’’ sign) Because of customs officers demand the patient was transferred to the Hospital of Prison, despite staff objection. 62 cocaine packets were excreted during the next 3 days Body packing and stuffing First detected case in Lithuania Forensic analysis • • • • Condoms were filled with 3-8 g of cocaine each 114 packages, weight 438,63 g,purity – 57% 2 of cocaine packets were slightly injured Blood sample – no answer, urine analysis – “possibility of cocaine metabolites” Body packing and stuffing Management •In no way endoscopic removal of the package should be attempted. The patient in whom only one packet fails to pass the pylorus may be the exception •Conservative management during spontaneous evacuation of the containers is the first choice approach to the bodypacking •Surgery is indicated for patients with acute cocaine poisoning or gastrointestinal obstruction or perforation •Observation till the last package removes is obligatory Amphetamine Neurochemical actions • Dose-related increase in release of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin: – low dose: preferential action on NE release – moderate dose: NE and DA release – high dose: NE, DA and serotonin release • Blockade of reuptake of NE, DA and serotonin • Inhibition of MAO Amphetamine • • • • • • • • Symptoms Agitation to psychosis Halucinations Mydriasis Tachycardia Hypertension Mild hypertermia Seizures Coma Amphetamine • • • • • • • Treatment No antidotes CPR GI decontamination gastric lavage, activated charcoal Benzodiazepines Severe hypertension phentolamin, nitropruside External cooling SVT Ca antagonists VT lidocaine • No β-blockers “Ecstasy” (MDMA): a hallucinogenic amphetamine • Combination of psychostimulant effects with stronger hallucinogenic effects (serotonin component) • Common acute adverse effects: muscle tension and bruxism • Hyperthermia • Increase HR and BP • Acne-like rash Cannabinoids • • • • • • Symptoms Impairment of cognitive function Disorientation, talkativness Anxiety to panic Headache • Ataxia “Exploding chest” • Tremor Sedation • Dry mouth • Tachycardia • Injected conjunctive Cannabinoids • Benzodiazepines • Symptomic treatment • Psychoterapy Treatment LSD • • • • • • (Lysergic Acid Diethylamine) Anxiety, agitation Hallucinations Moist and pale skin Mild hypertension Tachycardia Hypertermia Symptoms LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamine) Treatment • Benzodiazepines • In severe cases – the same as amphetamines Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid Symptoms • CNS depression (GCS of 3 is not uncommon) • Extreme combativeness and agitation • Bradycardia • Decreased systemic vascular resistance, hypotension • Profound respiratory depression. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid Treatment • Airway protection and aspiration precautions • Use atropine to treat symptomatic bradycardia that is unresponsive to stimulation Solvents • • • • • • • • Agitation, joy Vertigo, coordination damamge Sneeze, hypersalivation CNS depression, delusions Sense of invulnerability Respiratory depression Tachycardia Seizures, coma Symptoms Solvents • • • • Oxygen CPR (if needed) Benzodiazepines Symptomic treatment Treatment Milestones in treatment of drug overdose Naloxone Benzodiazepines Life support measures