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Test 2 Review Early Rome • Early Romans – – – – Romulus and Remus Etruscan influence Tarquin & Lucretia Rebellion • Senate • Magistrates – – – – – Consul Praetor Proconsul Propraetor Dictator • Imperium • Struggle of Orders – Patricians – Plebeians • Expansion – Etruscans – Samnite Wars • Military reorganization – Greek Colonies Punic Wars & Roman Culture • 1st Punic War – Sicily • 2nd Punic War – Hannibal – Scipio Africanus – Battle of Zama • 3rd Punic War – Cato the Elder – Scipio Amelianus • Hellenistic Wars • Maccabean Revolt – Hasmonean – Judah Maccabee – Seleucid Empire • Religion – Greek Influence – Politics • Mystery Religions • Philosophy – Lucretius • On the Nature of Things • Epicureanism • Cicero – “Father of Roman Eloquence” – Stoicism • Roman Law – Law of the Twelve Tables The Republic in Transition • Drama – Platus – Terence • Prose – Cato the Elder – On Agriculture • Tradition vs. Hellenism – Cato the Elder – Scipio Amelianus • Nobiles – Nobles • Equites – Equestrians • Latifundia • The Gracchi – Tiberius Gracchus • Public land to the poor – Gaius Gracchus • Cheap grain • Colonies • Citizenship rights • Marius – Land for Veterans • Sulla – Civil War – Dictator for Life – Constitution The First Triumvirate • Third Servile War (71 BC) – The Gladiator Rebellion – Spartacus • Pompey vs Crassus • Judea – John Hyrcanus II • Pharisees – Aristobulus II • Sadducees • First Triumvirate – Julius Caesar – Pompey – Crassus • Crassus in Parthia • Death of Julia • Caesar's Civil War – – – – Rubicon Battle of Pharsalus Pompey in Egypt Cleopatra • Caesar – Calendar – Reforms – Dictator for Life • Brutus & Cassius – Caesar's Assassination The Second Triumvirate & Empire • Octavian Caesar – Julius Caesar’s Adopted son • Mark Anthony – Julius Caesar’s second in command • Marcus Lepidus – Julius Caesar’s monetary backer • Second Triumvirate • “Liberators‘” civil war • Anthony & Cleopatra • Propaganda campaign • Anthony/Octavian's Civil War – Battle of Actium • End of the Republic • Octavian’s titles – – – – Augustus Imperator Princeps Pontifex Maximus • Pax Romana Empire & Christianity • The Social Order – Senatorial Order – Equestrian Order – All other Citizens • Religion – Julius Caesar – Roma • Literature – Virgil • The Aeneid – Livy • Ab Urbe Condita • Judea – Herod I – Zealots & Apocalyticism • Christianity – Jesus of Nazareth – Spiritual Kingdom, not Earthly one – Jesus Crucified • Belief in resurrection – Paul of Tarsus • Christianity Vs. Pagan Cults Early Empire • Julio-Claudians – – – – – Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero • Government – Mixed titles • Rebellions – Boudicca – First Jewish-Roman War • Great Fire of Rome • The Year of Four Emperors • Flavians – Vespasian – Titus – Domitian • Government – More Imperator, Less Princeps – Monarchy in all but name • “Bread and Circuses” • Art – Realism • Engineering – Aqueducts & Roads Contemporaries of Rome • Parthia – Ctesiphon – Persian Traditions – Replaced by Sassanids • Manichaeism – Mix – Mani – Gnosticism • Trade Empires – Bactria – Kushans • China – Han Dynasty – Rebellion – Liu Bang – Wu-Di • • • • • “The Martial Emperor” Centralization Expansion Roads & Canals Han Synthesis – Xiongnu invasions • The Silk Road(s) – China to Mediterranean – Trade goods The “Golden Age” of the Roman Empire & Decline • Antonine Dynasty – – – – – Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antonius Pius Marcus Aurelius • Meditations – Five Good Emperors • Government – “Office of Principate” – Expansion to Defense • Commodus • End of Pax Romana • Severan Dynasty – Military Dictators • Age of the Barracks Emperors • Barbarian & Sassanid Invasions Late Empire • Diocletian – – – – – – Division of the Empire The Tetrarchy 2 Augustus 2 Caesar Economic Reforms Great Persecution • Early Church – Ekklesia – Bishops • Monasticism – Eremitical – Coenobitic • Constantine – – – – Battle of Mivian Bridge Edit Of Milan Constantinople Ties to Church • Trinitarianism Vs. Arianism • Council of Nicaea – Nicene Creed Late Empire • Visigoths – Fritigern v. Valens – Battle of Adrianople – Sacking of Rome (410) • Alric I • Theodosius – Christianity Official Religion – Empire Splits • Eastern Roman Empire > Byzantine Empire • Christian Literature – Jerome – Vulgate – Augustine • Confessions • City of God • Patriarchs & Pope – Patriarchs • • • • • Rome Antioch Alexandria Jerusalem Constantinople – Petrine Doctrine – Papal Primacy End of the Western Empire and the Mayans • The Hun Empire – Attilla the Hun • Pope Leo I “The Great” • Vandals Sack Rome (455) – Genseric • Western Empire Ends – Romulus Augustus – Odovacar (Odoacer) • “King of Italy” • Maya – – – – – – – – – Yucatan Olmec inheritance Cocoa Temples Tikal Chichén Itzá Mathematics Astronomy Religion Gupta, Axum, & Christendom • India – – – – Gupta Empire Chandra Gupta Kalidassa Mahabharata • Axum(Aksum) – – – – Ezana Christianity “Solamaic” Dynasty Ethiopia • Germanic Tribes/Kingdoms – Comitatus - “war band” – Dooms of Ethelbert – Wergeld • Ostrogoths – Theodoric • Franks – Clovis – Christianity – Merovingian dynasty Christian Missionaries & the Byzantine Empire • Spread of Christianity – Three Ways • Preaching • Assimilation • Penitential system • Western Monasticism Benedictine – Benedict of Nursia – Rule of Saint Benedict – Scholastica • Cassiodorus – History of the Goths – Institutes • Gregory I “The Great” – “Western Church” • The Byzantine Empire – – – – – Justinian Theodora Conquests & Plague Hagia Sophia Recodification of Roman Law • Corpus Juris Civilias – “body of civil law” Possible Short IDs • • • • • • • • The Silk Road Roman Magistrates Christianization of the Germans Popularity of Christianity vs. The Pagan Cults Julius Caesar Cato the Elder (Marcus Cato) The Gracchi The Tetrarchy