Download Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry
By: Charlie Carrick 9C
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Table of Contents
1 – Cover Page
2 – Table of Contents
3 – Carbon General Information
4 – Carbon Diagram
5 – Substances Containing Carbon
6 – Impact of Carbon on the Environment
7 – Alkenes General Information
8 – Alkenes Diagram
9 – Alkanes General Information
10 – Alkanes Diagram
11 – How to name a complicated branched alkane
12 – General Information – Alkenes
13 – Alkene Diagram
14 – Substitution
15 – Bromination
16 – Hydrogenation
17 – Hydration
18 – Haloalkenes
19 – Isomers
20 – Alcohols
21 – Organic Acids
- Bibliography
Carbon-General Information
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Carbon is an element that forms many things when joined with other
elements.
It can form over ten million compounds that we know of.
It’s chemical symbol is C, it’s atomic number is 6.
We breathe in 0.003% of carbon and breathe out 4%, which is absorbed in
by the plants, who depend on it to live.
Carbon is , however, a major contributor of air pollution and it can be very
harmful to us.
Carbon is a non-metal and forms covalent bonding, making it different
from other elements because it is the only element that is able to do this.
There are 810 gigatonnes of carbon in the earth’s atmosphere
It has a valency of 4
Carbon Diagram
http://www.chemicalelements.com/bohr/b0006.gif
Different Substances that Contain
Carbon
Coal-over 50%
Diamonds-pure carbon
Soot
Coke
Graphite
Carbon is the basis of all organic chemistry
Antibiotics
Alcohol
Fat
Fossil Fuels
Pencils
Hydrocarbons
Long chains or ring structure
Burnt in excess air – Co2+H2O
Simplest organic carbon
Impacts that Carbon has on the
Environment
It reacts with other elements and contributes to acid
rain which is dangerous for our skin.
It is actually what plants breathe, so it is good for us
when it is plants breathing it.
As I already said, carbon is the basis for all organic
chemistry (life).
Carbon by itself is not usually the problem, it is when
we burn it and when it is mixed with other elements
to form some very deadly and toxic gases that pollute
and kill the environment
Compounds Containing Carbon
Carbon dioxide, a very common gas
Carbon monoxide, a gas that comes out of cars
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon monofluoride
Carbon subnitride
Carbon suboxid
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetra iodide
Carbon trioxide
Carbonic acid
Carbonyl sulfide
You can find out how much carbon
you are using by going to this
website and answering the
questions:
http://www.carbonfootprint.com/
Alkanes-General Information
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An alkane is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon, similar to
an alkene, but still different
Alkanes are known to bond to certain metals
They are not as reactive as alkenes
The simplest alkane there is, is methane
Alkanes can form different isomers if they have more
than two carbon atoms
Another name for an alkane is “paraffin,” but this is more
of a general term
Alkanes Diagram
http://www.webelements.
com/webelements/elements
/media/kossel-pics/C.jpg
http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/C
H11/unit7/U07L06/CHEM11_A3
_694.jpg
These are the steps to name more complicated
branched alkanes taken straight from a website:
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Identify the longest linear chain of carbon atoms.
This portion is named as if it were a linear alkane (i.e. 4 linear
carbon atoms would be a butane).
One of the terminal ends of this chain is numbered 1. The
terminus which has the fewest carbon atoms from the branch is
numbered 1.
the nomenclature is determined for the branching group in a
similar fashion as above.
the compound is then named (branching number e.g. 2)-(name
of branching group, e.g. methyl)-(name of longest linear chain,
e.g. butane) so as to give you the alkane's name, e.g. 2-methylbutane which is shown right.
Alkenes-General Information
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An alkene can also be called an olefin, vinyl compound or
olefin
It contains at least one carbon-to-carbon bond
The simplest ones form a hydrocarbons series
The simplest forms are also usually gases
Alkenes are relatively stable
Cracking of petroleum is a common synthesis path
Diagram of Alkenes
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objec
ts/476/488316/Instructor_Resources/Chapt
er_18/FG18_02-13un.JPG
http://www.chem.unsw.edu.au/re
search/groups/images/cyclopentan
e_complex.gif
Alkynes
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An alkyne is a type of hydrocarbon that has a triple bond, always between
carbon atoms
Formula - CnH2n-2.
Alkynes are very reactive and they are also unstable
“RC≡CH + B → RC≡C− + HB+, where B denotes a strong base.”
There are terminal and internal kinds of alkynes
Terminal alkynes have joined to the triple bond (through the carbon) a
hydrogen atom
Internal alkynes have a different atom linked to the carbon atom in the
triple bond, sometimes they can be carbon as well
Alkynes are used a lot in organic chemistry
Dehydrohalegenation is a way to prepare alkynes for what you want to do
with them
Substitution
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To substitute in organic chemistry is to replace
an atom, functional group, or a substituent in a
molecule
They could be replaced by things like alkyls,
hydroxyls or halogens
Common substitution reactions are
nucleophilic substitutions and halogenations
Bromination
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Bromination is where you combine a substance
with a bromine
It is a word used to specify the type of halogen
Alkene + Bromine water =Bromo-ethane
Hydrogenation
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Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction where
the result is an addition of hydrogen
Usual targets are unsaturated organic
compounds
Unsaturated hydrogenation is known as an
alkene
Hydration
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The addition of water
Double alkene-C-C
Alcohol or ethanol, good for disinfecting
things
Methanol however is very toxic for people and
animals
Haloalkanes
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Also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides
A compound where halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms in
an alkane
They have different classes to determine the type of haloalkane
depending on where the halogen atom is
The three types are primary, secondary and tertiary
The primary types are where the carbon atom is only linked to
one other alkyl group
The secondary type carbon atoms are linked to 2 other alkyl
groups, they can be the same or different, it doesn’t matter
The tertiary type is where the carbon atoms are linked to 3
different/similar alkyl groups
Isomers
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The same atoms and chemical formula but
they are arranged differently (structural forms)
There are two main forms; structural
isomerism and stereoisomerism
There are many different kinds of isomers and
they are used for a wide range of things,
although it can be quite pricy
Alcohols
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Is gained by the method of fermentation
A simple equation for an alcohol is CnH2n+1OH
Generally refers to the word ethanol
There are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols based on
how many carbons are connected together
The simplest primary alcohol is methane
Ethanol is the only one that is not poisonous, is colourless and
strong smelling, it is a liquid, the boiling point is 78.5ْ
It is a compound that has hydroxyl –OH group
Flammable, burning produces carbon dioxide and water
Methanol is a good disinfection
Organic Acids
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The most common are the carboxylic acids
They are usually quite weak acids
They are usually soluble in solvents
They are used as oil and gas simulation treatments
These are less reactive
Some are used in buffer solutions
Acid + base =salt + water
Ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate(ester) =
water
carboxylic acids
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Characterized by presence of the carboxyl group
The formula is -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH
They are Bronsted acids (even though the are weak acids, they react with
metals to form salts)
React with carbonates to form carbon dioxide
React with alcohols to form esters and water
React with alcohol and a strong acid to form esters and water
Carboxylates are salts and anions of these acids
Do not associate with ions easily
Alkaloid acid R-COOH
Simplest is meathanoic acid and also ethanoic
The three related acids are esters, acid chloride, and acid anhydride (RC=O-O)
Equations
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Acid + base =salt + water
Ethanoic acid + ethanol = ethyl ethanoate
(ester) = water
3 Fatty acid + glycerol = ethyl ethanoate
----Fats (triglyceraldehyde)
Fats +alkali (NaOH) --- Soap
(fats/oils) = glycerids (salt of carboxylic acid)
Esters
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In which a hydrogen atom is replaced by an organic group
The carboxylate esters are most common
Unstable acids can be manipulated to form stable esters
Their name is quite similar to salts
A condensation reaction of an acid and an alcohol is what forms an ester
This is when a small molecule is taken out of the equation after two larger
molecules join
Ester + water and acid = carboxylic acid + alcohol
Ester + water and alkali = salt + alcohol
Ester + alkali = soap + water
Most things we smell we smell because of esters
Esters are used in perfumes and polmers
They form long chains called polyester and add them to plastic to give
them flexibility
Aldehydes and Ketones
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An aldehyde is a kind of organic acid and it contains a
“terminal carbonyl acid”
The aldehyde group has a few other names, such as formyl and
methanoyl
In an aldehyde group, there is a carbon atom bonded to another
kind of atom called a hydrogen atom, it is then double-bonded
to an oxygen atom
Aldehydes are more acidic than alkanes
It also creates an electron deficiency because of the oxygen
Adding oxygen to aldehydes is easier than adding it to ketones
Aldehyde – Ethynol
Ketones – Propane
Aromatic compounds
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They have a defined ring structure of chains
looping
Most common one is benzene, which is
colourless and it is a volatile liquid
It is used a lot in the industrial world
Carcinogen
Polymers
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A polymer is made up of molecules with a
large MW
Monomers are the sub unit of polymers
They are repeated using covalent bonds
There is a glucose called monosaccharide
Monosaccharide + monosaccharide=
disaccharide ++++=polysaccharide (polymer)
Amino acids form a chain called polypeptide
Plastic
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Synthetic polymers
Bakelite – polymers
They are a hard substance
Polymerisation
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
Glucose + glucose =
Add on monomer (alkenes – double bonds)
Addition polymerisation
Amides/amines – nitrogen
Thermo setting/softening
Amino acids join in peptide links
Amines + carboxylic acid = polyamide (nylon – very versatile)
Kevlar used to make bulletproof vests, very strong
Polyester used in fabrics using carboxylic acids
Polyurethane used for foam and lycra for swimsuits
Bibliography
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http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/genobc/chapter_11/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon
http://www.chemicalelements.com/bohr/b0006.gif
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/media/kossel-pics/C.jpg
http://www.carbonfootprint.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkene
http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/CH11/unit7/U07L06/CHEM11_A3_694.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/476/488316/Instructor_Resources/
Chapter_18/FG18_02-13un.JPG
http://www.chem.unsw.edu.au/research/groups/images/cyclopentane_complex.
gif
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/haloalkanes/background.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer