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Chemistry 23.2 Slide 1 of 35 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers A patient does not experience pain during surgery when given a general anesthetic. The earliest anesthetics, used during the Civil War, belonged to a class of chemical compounds called ethers. You will read about the chemical characteristics of ethers that make them good anesthetics. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 2 of 35 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols Alcohols How are alcohols classified and named? Slide 3 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols • An alcohol is an organic compound with an — OH group. • The —OH functional group in alcohols is called a hydroxyl group or hydroxy function. Slide 4 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols Aliphatic alcohols can be classified into structural categories according to the number of R groups attached to the carbon with the hydroxyl group. Slide 5 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols When using the IUPAC system to name continuous-chain and substituted alcohols, drop the -e ending of the parent alkane name and add the ending -ol. Slide 6 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols Slide 7 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols Slide 8 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols Slide 9 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols Alcohols can have more than one hydroxyl group. Slide 10 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols These alcohols contain one, two, or three hydroxyl groups. Slide 11 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is a common component of many household products. Slide 12 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Alcohols Aliphatic alcohols are used in many household products, including antiseptics, antifreeze, and cosmetics. Slide 13 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols Properties of Alcohols How does the solubility of an alcohol vary with the length of its carbon chain? Slide 14 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols Alcohols of up to four carbons are soluble in water in all proportions. The solubility of alcohols with four or more carbons in the chain is usually much lower. Slide 15 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols Fermentation is the production of ethanol from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria. A second reaction product, carbon dioxide, causes bread to rise. Slide 16 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Properties of Alcohols Ethanol is the intoxicating substance in alcoholic beverages. It is a depressant that can be fatal if taken in large doses at once. • Denatured alcohol is ethanol with an added substance to make it toxic (poisonous). • Denatured alcohol is used as a reactant or as a solvent in industrial processes. Slide 17 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions Addition Reactions What reactions of alkenes may be used to introduce functional groups into organic molecules? Slide 18 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions Addition reactions of alkenes are an important method of introducing new functional groups into organic molecules. • In an addition reaction, a substance is added at the double or triple bond of an alkene or alkyne. • Double and triple bonds between carbon atoms are much more reactive than single bonds between carbon atoms. Slide 19 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions Addition Across a Double Bond Slide 20 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions Slide 21 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions The addition of water to an alkene is a hydration reaction. Slide 22 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions Slide 23 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions The addition of hydrogen to a carbon–carbon double bond to produce an alkane is called a hydrogenation reaction. Slide 24 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions Slide 25 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Addition Reactions Slide 26 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers Ethers What is the general structure of an ether and how are the alkyl groups of an ether named? Slide 27 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers The general structure of an ether is R— O—R. The alkyl groups attached to the ether linkage are named in alphabetical order and are followed by the word ether. Slide 28 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers An ether is a compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups. Slide 29 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Alcohols and Ethers > Ethers Slide 30 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Section Quiz. Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section 23.2. Continue to: -or- Launch: Section Quiz Slide 31 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Section Quiz. 1. Choose the correct words for the spaces. The structure of a secondary alcohol has ___________ attached to the __________ group. a. two R groups, OH b. two OH groups, R c. one R group, C—OH d. two R groups, C—OH Slide 32 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Section Quiz. 2. Choose the correct words for the space. Alcohols that are completely soluble in water have _________ carbons in the chain. a. four or less b. three or less c. four or more d. more than four Slide 33 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Section Quiz. 3. What type of reaction would convert CH2=CH—CH3 into CHBr—CHBr—CH3? a. substitution b. hydrogenation c. addition d. hydration Slide 34 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23.2 Section Quiz. 4. Which structure is ethylmethyl ether? a. CH3—CH2—OH—CH2 b. CH3—CH2—CHO c. CH3CH2—O— CH3 d. CH2CH—CH3—OH Slide 35 of 35 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall END OF SHOW