Download 26-1: Halocarbons, Alcohols and Ethers

26-1: Halocarbons, Alcohols
and Ethers
Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Molecules that contain carbon and
hydrogen atoms (like hydrocarbons), but
contain additional atoms or groups of
atoms
Functional group: an atom or group of
atoms that has a characteristic behavior
and is substituted into a hydrocarbon
Halocarbons
Functional group: halogen (-X)
General formula: R-X (R is a hydrocarbon
derivative)
Properties:
– Nonpolar
– Low b.p.
– Insoluble in water; soluble in hydrocarbons
Examples: CFC’s, DDT,
carbontetrachloride
Naming Halocarbons
1. Name hydrocarbon first.
2. Add a prefix to signify number and name
of halogen. Always give halogen the
smallest number possible.
Alcohols
Functional group: hydroxyl (-OH)
General formula: R-OH
Properties:
– Small alcohols are polar, sol. in water
– As size increases, polarity and solubility decreases
– Higher boiling points, due to hydrogen bonding
2 OH groups: diol
3 OH groups: triol
Naming Alcohols
1. Count longest chain that contains the –
OH.
2. Add –ol to root name of hydrocarbon
name.
3. Give a number for the placement of the –
OH.
4. Name any branches as an alkyl group
(methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.) with a number
and put in front.
Ethers
Functional group: ether (-O-)
General formula: R-O-R
Properties:
– Small ones are polar, soluble in water.
– Boiling points are lower than alcohols, higher
than hydrocarbons.
Uses: solvents; once used as an
anesthetic
Naming Ethers
Two method:
IUPAC
1. Look at hydrocarbon on either side of the
“-O-”. Small one gets –oxy added to the root
word.
2. Second (longer) one is named as a
hydrocarbon.
Naming Ethers
Common
1. Name each hydrocarbon as an alkyl group.
2. Write “ether” at the end.