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Power Quality At the Plug
IDEAL INDUSTRIES
Application Guide to
Power Quality at the Plug
Author: Patrick Elliott
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Branch Circuit Testing
Branch circuit
A portion of a wiring
system in the interior of a
structure that extends
from a final overload
protective device to a
plug receptacle or a load
such as a lighting fixture,
motor, or heater
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Branch Circuit Testing
Circuit Integrity
Three Possible Ways to Test Branch Circuits
1.
Branch Circuit Integrity
•
2.
Quality of the voltage supplied
•
3.
The physical structure of the branch circuit
How connected equipment will perform
Profile the Loads on the Branch Circuit
•
Measure the energy and the load on the circuit
We will examine the first and second of these in the time we have
today.
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Branch Circuit Testing
Circuit Integrity
Test the physical structure of the branch circuit
•
Connections to receptacles and devices
•
Connections to panel
•
Capacity of Hot and Neutral
Age, type, length and size of conductor
Quality of connections, splices, pigtails, bonds
•
Integrity of Ground Conductor
HOW??
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Branch Circuit Testing
Evaluating Branch Circuit Structure
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
Test for correct wiring polarity
Make voltage measurements
Test for neutral / ground integrity
Test Voltage Drop
Measure circuit impedance
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Branch Circuit Testing
Step 1: Wiring Polarity Test
Common receptacle tester
Detects, as go-no-go test,
Hot, Neutral and Ground
There can be < 100,000 ohms on the
ground and a standard receptacle tester
with show the circuit to be OK
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Branch Circuit Testing
Step 2: Measure Voltage
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Branch Circuit Testing
Test for Neutral and Ground Integrity
• General Purpose testers
can’t identify a “False” or
“bootleg” ground
– Defined as an accidental
short or improper bonding
of ground to neutral
conductors
– Shows up as normally
wired condition with
general receptacle testers
– Sensed by the new AFCI
breakers, will trip an AFCI
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Branch Circuit Testing
Step 4: Measure Voltage Drop
This way?
Or
This way?
Voltage Drop = V (no-load) – V (load)
% Voltage Drop = Voltage Drop/ V (no-load)
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Branch Circuit Testing
General tester can not identify high
resistance or series faults
• Nor can they identify a neutral
to ground bond
– Glowing contacts in copper or
aluminum wiring
– High resistance in Back-wired
devices like receptacle
– Loose or corroded connections
– Bad splices
– Hot plugs, or high resistance
contact between outlet to plug.
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
A high resistance
connection can result in hot
spots or glowing
connections which can
breakdown insulation and
create poor efficiency of the
electrical system
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Branch Circuit Testing
Step 5: Measure the resistance of each
conductor
Hot Conductor
Neutral Conductor
Ground
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Voltage Performance Monitor
• What is Voltage Performance Monitoring?
• Why do I need to measure the integrity of
the of my Voltage?
• What are the factors and features I need?
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Voltage Performance Monitor
Step 2: Voltage Performance
Two Steps to test the Voltage Performance of
the branch circuit:
1. The ability to capture and analyze
Voltage Events
2. The ability to monitor the distortion or
THD of the circuit
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Voltage Performance Monitor
What is Voltage performance?
• Voltage performance?
– Amplitude Must be
measured over time.
– Must meets some
excepted standard
– Example would be
like the ITI (CBEMA)
curve.
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Voltage Performance Monitor
What Voltage Quality do we really need?
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Voltage Performance Monitor
• What are these problems
called?
– Sag – low voltage for brief
periods (dips)
– Swell- high voltage for
brief periods (surges)
– Voltage Transientimpulses (spikes)
– THD for Total Harmonic
Distortion (noise)
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Voltage Performance Monitor
How do we compare voltage over time to these
Standards
If outside the range, timer starts,
measures in cycles per second
to the end of the event are
taking.
• When an event is detected,
– The voltage of the event should be
logged
– The duration of the event should
be logged
– The day/date/time to the second of
the event logged
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Voltage Performance Monitor
Transient Voltages
Measure and record the time
and amplitude
Transients cause failure of
communication control and
datacom devices
Transients destroy insulation
and capacitors
Determine if transient
protection is working
(TVSS, SSDs)
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Voltage Performance Monitor
Total Harmonic Distortion
Measure at service entrance &
points of connections
• IEEE 519 limits for voltage
THD
– < 5% for most facilities
– <3% for Hospitals and
Airports
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Voltage Performance Monitor
Power Quality problems are very expensive, but….
UNTIL NOW
•Power quality required very expensive analyzers
•Computers to set them up,
•Software to analyze
•Experts to review the data
Power Quality Monitors were too expensive for branch
circuits
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Voltage Performance Monitor
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Features and Benefits
• World’s Simplest PQ Device
– If you can use an outlet, you can use
a VPM
– PQ Expert is in the box!
• Easy to Use
– Minimal Set Up
– No need for Computer Interface
– Captures only significant events
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Voltage Performance Monitor
Testing Our Voltage Quality
•No computer
•No software
•No setup
•Just the information you need
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Breaker Finders And Tracers
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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Innovative Clamps and Meters
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR
TIME AND ATTENTION
Application Guide to
Power Quality at the Plug
QUESTIONS PLEASE!
© 2007 Ideal Industries
www.idealindustries.com
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