Download Ethics 481

Ethical Philosophies

Utilitarianism (Bentham & Mills)

Deontology
 Ethics
 Ethics
of consequences
(Kant)
of Duty (Ethical laws)
 Principles
willed into Universal laws
 Treat people as ends (not means)

Virtues (Aristotle)
 Ethics
of Character
Philosophical Ethics

Teleological

Deontological
 Results
oriented
 Actions have no intrinsic ethical character
(acquire moral status from their
consequences) or
 Act
oriented
 Actions are inherently right or wrong
(e.g., lying, cheating, stealing)
Philosophically Based Ethics
(another perspective)

Utilitarianism (Bentham & Mills)

Deontology
 Ethics
 Ethics
of consequences
(Kant)
of Duty (Ethical laws)
 Principles
willed into Universal laws
 Treat people as ends (not means)

Virtues (Aristotle)
 Ethics
of Character
Bentham’s Hedonistic Calculus

Bentham (not

originally called Utilitarianism)
Moral science (vs. ascetic religious)

Quantifying pleasure


Pleasure good, pain bad
Hedonistic calculus (7 aspects)
1. Intensity (Intrinsic strength of the
pleasurable or painful feelings produced.)
2. Duration (how long they last)
3. Certainty / Uncertainty (likelihood of
sensations being produced by given action.
4. Propinquity / Remoteness (how soon they will
be felt)
5. Fecundity (whether actions lead to pleasure)
6. Purity (whether actions lead to pain)
7. Extent (number of people affected)
 Open, public, objective, fair

Mill’s types of pleasure (quality vs. quantity)
Business Systems

Economic systems (underlying ideologies)
 “normative”
beliefs
 Motivation?
 Basic purpose(s)?
 Function of society

Market
 Free-Market
 John


Locke’s (rights)
All are free and equal
Rights of freedom, property, and protection
 Negative / positive rights?
 Rights versus justice?
 Individualistic assumption?
 Adam

Smith’s (utilitarian)
Market competition serves society better than
government
 Unrealistic assumptions of perfect competition
Business Systems

Keynesian
 Free-markets
 Not

the most efficient
Social Darwinism
 Survival
of the fittest
 Penalties


alone are not enough
for incompetence and ignorance
Naturalistic fallacy
Free-Trade
 Benefits
of specialization and trade
 Comparative


(rather than absolute) advantage
Production costs are not constant
Means of production is portable.
Business Systems

Command
 Marx’s
economic substructure / social
superstructure
 Exploitation
of workers “surplus”
 Separation (alienation) of workers from product
 Subordination of government to ruling class’
interests


State control is victimized by individuals
Mixed Economy
 Retains Market and Private Property system
 Relies on governmental policies
Business Ethics
Legal
Responsibility
Cell 1
Ethical
Responsibility
Cell X
Cell 3
Cell2
Economic
Responsibility
Business Ethics
Legal
Responsibility
Ethical
Responsibility
Cell X
Cell “X”
Profitable, Legal and Ethical
EconomicProceed with enthusiasm!
Responsibility
Business Ethics
Cell 1
Ethical
Responsibility
and Ethical
Legal
Cell 1 Legal
NotResponsibility
Profitable:
Seek Profitable alternatives
Economic
Responsibility
Business Ethics
Ethical
Responsibility
Legal
Responsibility
Cell 2
Profitable and Legal
Proceed cautiously
Cell2
Economic
Responsibility
Business Ethics
Cell 3
Legal
Ethical
ethical
Responsibility
Responsibility Profitable and
Likely, also legal;
Proceed cautiously
Cell 3
Economic
Responsibility
Bremer’s “big picture” perspective
Question
Level
Personal
Organizational
Industry or
Professional
Societal
1
2
3
4
What is?
What ought to be?
Getting from 1 - 2?
Motivation?
Three Models of Managerial Ethics
Moral
Management
Amoral
Management
Unintentional
Intentional
Immoral
Management
Ethical Standards?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Integrity
•
Possessing and adhering to high principles
•
Fair, just, truthful and morally upright
•
Loyalty, allegiance, accuracy
•
Voluntarily helping those in need
•
Ability to endure hardship, accepting different views
•
Accountable, willing to take a stand
•
Ability to motivate or restrain oneself
Honesty
Fidelity
Charity
Tolerance
Responsibility
Self-Discipline