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Lecture 4: Chapter 24 Evolution and Diversity of Plants Professor: Dr. Barjis Room: P313 Phone: (718)2605285 Email: [email protected] Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alberts, Bray, Sylvia S Mader Hopkins, Johnson General Biology Outline • • • • Evolutionary History Alternation of Generations Nonvascular Plants Vascular Plants – Seedless – Seed – Angiosperms Monocots and Eudicots Flowers Evolutionary History of Plants • • Plants are thought to have evolved from freshwater algae Among the adaptations of plants to life on land are: – Protection of the embryo from drying out. – Waxy cuticle on leaves to prevent drying out. – Internal skeleton (in flowering plants) to oppose gravity. – Vascular system (in most plants) to move water internally. Other Terrestrial Adaptations • • • Vascular tissue transports water and nutrients to the body of the plant. Cuticle provides an effective barrier to water loss. Stomata bordered by guard cells that regulate opening, and thus water loss. Plants Based on the presence or absence of vascular tissue plants are divided into vascular and non vascular plants. Liverworts and Mosses are examples of none vascular plants. Vascular Non-vascular (bryophytes) Based on the presence and absence of seeds vascular plants are classified into plants with seed and plants without seed. Ferns are examples of plants without seed. Seedless With seed Based on the presence and absence of flowers, plants with seed are classified into flowering and non-flowering plants. Conifers, Gingoes are examples of non-flowering plants. Flowering (Angiosperms) Non-flowering (Gymnosperms) Based on number of cotyledons and flower parts, flowering plants are classified into Monocots and Eudicots Monocots: One cotyledone, flower parts Eudicotes: Two cotyledon, flower in 3 or multiple of 3, usually herbaceous, parts in 4 or 5 or multiples of 4 or 5, usually parallel ventilation… woody or herbaceous…. Four Major Plant Groups Alternation of Generations • Plant life cycle(s) include alternation of generations cycle only. – Sporophyte produces spores by the process of meiosis and represents diploid generation. – Gametophyte produce gametes and represents haploid generation. Alternation of Generations Alternation of Generations Nonvascular Plants • • • • Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) lack specialized means of transporting water and organic nutrients. Do not have true roots, stems, and leaves. Produces eggs in archegonia Produces flagellated sperm in antheridia Nonvascular Plants • • Liverworts have either flattened thallus (body) or leafy appearance with no true root, no stem. Asexualy reproduce by gemmae (group of cells that detach from the thallus and can start a new plant) Figure 4: Gemma cup, Gemmae can detach and start a new plant Nonvascular Plants • Mosses usually have a leafy shoot. – Can reproduce asexually by fragmentation. – Mosses prefer dump, moist and shaded location, but could survive in deserts too Vascular Plants • • • • They contain vascular tissue (Xylem and Phloem). Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals up from roots. Phloem transports sucrose and other organic compounds throughout the plant. Vascular plants are divided into plants with seed and seedless plants Seedless Vascular Plants • • Vascular seedless plants are homosporous. Ferns are example of seedless vascular plant. – Most abundant in warm, moist, tropical regions, – An egg is produced in an archegonium. – A sperm is produced in an antheridium. Seed Plants • • Vascular plants with seed are heterosporous ( have two kind of spores) – Microspores develop into pollen grain – Megaspore develop into egg Vascular plants with seed are classified into Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms • • • • Gymnosperms have ovules and seeds exposed on the surface of sporophylls. Examples of Gymnosperms are Conifers and Ginkgoes Conifers - bear cones Ginkgoes - some trees produce seeds and some produce pollen. Pine Life Cycle Pine Life Cycle In the pine life cycle, female cones remain on the tree over two years. Angiosperms (flowering plants) • • Angiosperms are an exceptionally large and successful group of plants. live in all sorts of habitats, from fresh water to desert, and from rigid north to the torrid tropics. Monocots and Eudicots • Two classes of flowering plants. – Monocotyledones (Monocots) Flower parts in three or multiple of three. Usually parallel venation in leaves – Eudicotyledones (Dicots) Flower parts in four or fives or multiples of fours or five . Usually net venation The Flower – – – Flower consists of petals, sepals, stamen (male reproductive organs) and carpel (female reproductive organs). Each stamen consists of an anther (produce pollen) and a filament (stalk). Carpel has three major regions. Ovary Style Stigma Flowering Plant Life Cycle Flowering Plant Life Cycle