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Students Grades posted on white board – highlights are not good Test info Avg = 30.5, range: 17 – 48 Corrections due Monday Brief syllabus Plants next Ch 29 - 30, 10 (photosynthesis), 35 – 39 Photosynthesis lab next week Tornado drill – today 2nd period Transport – Friday – tomorrow AP exam payment??? Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns 1. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land? - Stomata – pores used for gas exchange - Roots – absorb water & minerals from underground - Apical meristems – tips of shoots & roots where growth occurs - Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent water loss thru leaves - Jacketed gametangia – gamete producing organ with protective jacket of cells to prevent dehydration - Sporopollenin – polymer that formed around exposed zygotes & forms walls of plant spores preventing dehydration - Lignin – structural polymer that provides strength for woody tissues Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns 1. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land? 2. What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution? - Movement to land led to Bryophytes (mosses & worts) - Tougher spores (sporopollenin) - Jacketed gametangia - Vascular tissue (ferns) - Cells joined to transport water & nutrients - Lacked seeds - Development of seeds (Gymnosperms) - More protection of embryo - Embryo w/ food - Development of flowers (Angiosperms) - Complex reproductive structure Figure 29.7 Highlights of plant evolution Land plants Vascular plants Angiosperms Origin of seed plants (about 360 mya) Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya) Origin of land plants (about 475 mya) Ancestral green alga Seed plants Gymnosperms Pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) Seedless vascular plants Mosses Hornworts Liverworts Charophyceans Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns 1. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land? 2. What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution? - Movement to land led to Bryophytes (mosses & worts) - Tougher spores (sporopollenin) - Jacketed gametangia - Vascular tissue (ferns) - Cells joined to transport water & nutrients - Lacked seeds - Development of seeds (Gymnosperms) - More protection of embryo - Embryo w/ food - Development of flowers (Angiosperms) - Complex reproductive structure 3. What are bryophytes? - Non-vascular plants - Mosses & worts - Dominant life stage is haploid gametophyte - Reproductive structures - Male – antheridia – produce flagellated sperm - Female – archegonia – produce 1 egg (ovum) Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss Raindrop Key Male gametophyte Sperm Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Antheridia Egg Gametophore Female gametophyte Arcl egonia Rhizoid FERTILIZATION Zygote (within archegonium) Archegonium Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss Raindrop Key Male gametophyte Sperm Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Antheridia Egg Gametophore Female gametophyte Arcl egonia Rhizoid Seta Mature sporophytes FERTILIZATION Capsule (sporangium) Calyptra Zygote (within archegonium) Embryo Foot Archegonium Young sporophytes Female gametophyte Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss Raindrop Key Male gametophyte Sperm “Bud” Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Antheridia Protonemata “Bud” Egg Spores Gametophore Female gametophyte Peristome Arcl egonia Rhizoid Sporangium MEIOSIS Mature Mature sporophytes sporophytes Seta FERTILIZATION Capsule (sporangium) Calyptra Zygote (within archegonium) Embryo Foot Archegonium Young sporophytes Capsule with peristome (LM) Female gametophytes Figure 29.9 Bryophyte Diversity Gametophore of female gametophyte LIVERWORTS (PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA) Plagiochila deltoidea, a “leafy” liverwort Foot Seta Marchantia sporophyte (LM) HORNWORTS (PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA) An Anthoceros hornwort species Sporophyte Sporangium 500 µm Marchantia polymorpha, a “thalloid” liverwort MOSSES (PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA) Polytrichum commune, hairy-cap moss Sporophyte Gametophyte Gametophyte Info Plants divided into 2 units -Ch 29 - 30, 10, & 35 – test Friday, 3/16 -Ch 36 – 39 – test Monday 3/26 Transport – today – all day & 4:30 All corrections due MONDAY AP Exam $$$$ Figure 29.10 Sphagnum, or peat moss: a bryophyte with economic, ecological, and archaeological significance (a) Peat being harvested from a peat bog Covers 3% of land Stabilizes greenhouse effect (b) Closeup of Sphagnum. Note the “leafy” gametophytes and their offspring, the sporophytes. Gametophyte (c) Sphagnum “leaf” (LM). The combination of living photosynthetic cells and dead water-storing cells gives the moss its spongy quality. (d) “Tolland Man,” a bog mummy dating from 405–100 B.C. The acidic, oxygen-poor conditions produced by Sphagnum can preserve human or other animal bodies for thousands of years. Sporangium at tip of sporophyte Living Dead waterphotosynthetic storing cells cells 100 µm Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns 1. 2. 3. 4. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land? What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution? What are bryophytes? What are the characteristics of ferns (seedless vascular plants)? - Dominant life stage is sporophyte (2n) - Gametophyte is reduced - Sporophyte is branched - Vasculature - Xylem – transports water & minerals up from the ground - Has tracheids – tube-shaped cells for transport - Dead at maturity - Strengthened by lignin - Phloem - Transport sugars & other organic products from leaves downward - Living cells at maturity - Roots - anchorage, water & mineral transport - Let’s consider the life cycle….. Figure 29.12 The life cycle of a fern 1 Sporangia release spores. Most fern species produce a single type of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. Key 3 Although this illustration shows an egg and sperm from the same gametophyte, a variety of mechanisms promote cross-fertilization between gametophytes. 2 The fern spore develops into a small, photosynthetic gametophyte. Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Antheridium Spore Young gametophyte MEIOSIS Sporangium Archegonium Mature sporophyte New sporophyte Sperm Egg Zygote Sporangium FERTILIZATION Sorus 6 On the underside of the sporophyte‘s reproductive leaves are spots called sori. Each sorus is a cluster of sporangia. Gametophyte Fiddlehead 5 A zygote develops into a new sporophyte, and the young plant grows out from an archegonium of its parent, the gametophyte. 4 Fern sperm use flagella to swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia. Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land? What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution? What are bryophytes? What are the characteristics of ferns (seedless vascular plants)? What is the difference between homosporous & heterosporous plants? Homosporous spore production Sporangium in sporophyll Single type of spore Typically a bisexual gametophyte Eggs Most ferns Sperm Heterosporous spore production Megasporangium in megasporophyll Microsporangium in microsporophyll Megaspore Female gametophyte Eggs Microspore Male gametophyte Sperm All seed plants & few seedless plants Figure 29.14 Seedless Vascular Plant Diversity LYCOPHYTES (PHYLUM LYCOPHYTA) Strobili (clusters of sporophylls) Isoetes gunnii, a quillwort Selaginella apoda, a spike moss Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss Psilotum nudum, a whisk fern PTEROPHYTES (PHYLUM PTEROPHYTA) Equisetum arvense, field horsetail Vegetative stem Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern Strobilus on fertile stem WHISK FERNS AND RELATIVES HORSETAILS FERNS