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Plant Biology • • • • • • • • Plant Cell Evolution Life Cycles Structures Transport Hormones Tropisms Photoperiodism • Auxin – – Promotes plant cell growth, apical dominance and cell elongation • Cytokinens – – Cell growth in roots, removes axilary buds from apical dominance, • Gibberillins – – Cell elongation between nodes, seed germination, fruit development, seedless fruits • Ethylene – – Fruit ripening, leaf abscission, (gas) • Abscisic acid – – Closing of stomata, maintains seed dormancy 3. A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are noted: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte phases, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to * – – – – – mosses. Chara. ferns. liverworts. flowering plants. 1. A botanist discovers a new species of plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophyll a and b, and a cell wall made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a division, all of the following would provide useful information except whether or not the plant has * – – – – – endosperm. seeds. flagellated sperm. flowers. starch. 2. Assume that a botanist was visiting a tropical region for the purpose of discovering plants with medicinal properties. All of the following might be ways of identifying potentially useful plants except – observing which plants sick animals seek out. – observing which plants are the most used food plants. – observing which plants animals do not eat. – collecting plants and subjecting them to chemical analysis. – asking local people which plants they use as medicine. 1.What is one result of an organism having meristems? – a rapid change from juvenile to adult state – a seasonal change in leaf morphology – a rapid change from a vegetative state to a reproductive state – indeterminate, life-long growth – production of a fixed number of segments during growth 2.One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that – – – – – only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem. the cells of roots have cell walls that are lacking in leaf cells. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in roots. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves. leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not. 4. While studying the plant Arabidopsis, a botanist finds that an RNA probe produces colored spots in the sepals of the plant. From this information, which information can be inferred? – The differently colored plants will attract different pollinating insects. – The RNA probe is transported only to certain tissues. – The colored regions were caused by mutations that took place in the sepals. – The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals. – More research needs to be done on the sepals of Arabidopsis. 5. Which of these statements about human evolution is true? – The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees and other apes. – Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens. – The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously. – Different features have evolved at different rates. – Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals. • What mechanism explains the movement of sucrose from source to sink? – evaporation of water and active transport of sucrose from the sink – osmotic movement of water into the sucrose-loaded sieve-tube members creating a higher hydrostatic pressure in the source than in the sink – tension created by the differences in hydrostatic pressure in the source and sink – active transport of sucrose through the sieve-tube cells driven by proton pumps – the hydrolysis of starch to sucrose in the mesophyll cells that raises their water potential and drives the bulk flow of sap to the sink 2. The main mechanism(s) determining the direction of short-distance transport within a potato tuber is (are) – diffusion due to concentration differences and bulk flow due to pressure differences. – pressure flow through the phloem. – active transport due to the hydrolysis of ATP and ion transport into the tuber cells. – determined by the structure and function of the tonoplast of the tuber cells. – not affected by temperature and pressure. 3.A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure? – the Casparian strip – a guard cell – the root epidermis – the endodermis – the root cortex 4.Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because – – – – – flaccid cells are incapable of photosynthesis. CO2 accumulates in the leaves and inhibits photosynthesis. there is insufficient water for photolysis during light reactions. stomata close, preventing CO2 entry into the leaf. the chlorophyll of flaccid cells cannot absorb light. 6.Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because – – – – – sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic. sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic. water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in water. the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps in water. sucrose has been dumped from the sieve tube by active transport. 7.In the pressure-flow hypothesis of translocation, what causes the pressure? – root pressure – the osmotic uptake of water by sieve tubes at the source – the accumulation of minerals and water by the stele in the root – the osmotic uptake of water by the sieve tubes of the sink – hydrostatic pressure in xylem vessels • What does self-incompatibility provide for a plant? – – – – – means of transferring pollen to another plant a means of coordinating the fertilization of an egg with the development of stored nutrients a means of destroying foreign pollen before it fertilizes the egg cell a biochemical block to self-fertilization so that cross-fertilization is assured a means of producing seeds without the need for fertilization 2.What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants? * – – – – – Fertilization precedes pollination. Pollination easily occurs between plants of different species. Pollen is formed within megasporangia so that male and female gametes are near each other. Pollination brings gametophytes together so that fertilization can occur. If fertilization occurs, pollination is unnecessary. 2. The heavy line in this figure illustrates the relationship between auxin concentration and cell growth in stem tissues. If the same range of concentrations was applied to lateral buds, what curve would probably be produced? * – – – – – I only II only III only II and III either I or III 3. A botanist exposed two groups of plants (of the same species) to two photoperiods, one with 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark and the other with 10 hours of light and 14 hours of dark. Under the first set of conditions, the plants flowered, but they failed to flower under the second set of conditions. Which of the following conclusions would be consistent with these results? – – – – – The critical night length is 14 hours. The plants are short-day plants. The critical day length is 10 hours. The plants can convert phytochrome to florigen. The plants flower in the spring.