Download Plant Characteristics - Academic Resources at Missouri Western

Plant Taxonomy
• Common Names?
Plant Taxonomy
• Common Names?
– Easy to remember and use
– Disadvantages?
Plant Taxonomy
• Common Names?
– Easy to remember and use
– Disadvantages?
• 1. One plant may have more than one common name.
• 2. A single name may refer to many.
• 3. Some inconspicuous plant may not be given a common
name.
• Need a universally understood language to describe
plants!
Plant Taxonomy
• Phylogenetic Hierarchy:
• Kingdom –
• Division –
•
Class –
•
Order –
•
Family –
•
Genus
•
species • Carolus Linnaeus 18th C
Plant Taxonomy
• Phylogenetic Hierarchy:
• Kingdom – Plantae
• Division –
•
Class –
•
Order –
•
Family –
•
Genus
•
species -
Plant Taxonomy
• Phylogenetic Hierarchy:
• Kingdom – Plantae
• Division – Anthophyta, Coniferophyta, Pterophyta
•
Class –
•
Order –
•
Family –
•
Genus
•
species -
Plant Taxonomy
• Phylogenetic Hierarchy:
• Kingdom – Plantae
• Division – Anthophyta
•
Class – Liliopsida (monocots), Magnoliopsida (dicots)
•
Order – “ales”
•
Family – “aceae”
•
Genus •
species -
Plant Taxonomy
• Phylogenetic Hierarchy:
• Kingdom – Plantae
• Division – Anthophyta
•
Class – Liliopsida (monocots), Magnoliopsida (dicots)
•
Order – “ales”
•
Family – “aceae”
•
Genus •
species • International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ICBN
Plant Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus 18th C
1. Phylogenetic Hierarchy
2. Binomial
Polynomial
Ranunculus calcibus, retroflexus, pedulculis
falcatis, caule erecto, folis comopositis
• “The buttercup with bent-back sepals, curved flower stalks, erect
stems and compound leaves”
• descriptive, precise
Binomial: Ranunculus calcibus L.
Plant Taxonomy
• Indentification?
– Find the name of an organism that is already known
– Dichotomous Key …..
Plant Taxonomy
• Indentification?
– Find the name of an organism that is already known
– Dichotomous Key …..
Reis Biological Field Station
Plant Taxonomy
• Phylogenetic Hierarchy:
• Kingdom – Plantae
• Division – Anthophyta
•
Class – Liliopsida (monocots), Magnoliopsida (dicots)
•
Order – “ales”
•
Family – “aceae”
•
Genus •
species • International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ICBN
Plant Taxonomy
• Classes of Flowering Plants:
• Liliopsida
– monocots - 1 embryonic leaf
– adventitious roots, branching
– parallel leaf veins
– flower parts: 3s
• Magnoliopsida
– dicots - 2 embryonic leaves
– taproot
– branching leaf veins
– flower parts:2s, 4s, 5s
Plant Taxonomy - Field Notebook
Plant Taxonomy - Field Notebook
4/9/10
MISSOURI
Andrew Co.
1. One of 7 plants growing in open light on edge of roadside ditch
along the Belt Hwy. just north of St. Joseph. Flower stem one
foot tall. Four large pink petals on each flower.
Plant Taxonomy - Field Notebook
4/9/10
MISSOURI
Andrew Co.
1.
One of 7 plants growing in open light on edge of roadside ditch along the Belt
Hwy. just north of St. Joseph. Flower stem one foot tall. Four large pink petals
on each flower.
Buchanan Co. Bluffwoods Conservation Area. Five miles south of St. Joseph,
Missouri. East of Hwy. 59.
2.
One of several plants growing together in partial shade along the Lone Pine
Trail. Five red and yellow petals, each with a flower spur. About 6 inches tall.
Plant Taxonomy - Field Notebook
4/9/10
MISSOURI
Andrew Co.
1.
One of 7 plants growing in open light on edge of roadside ditch.
Flower stem one foot tall. Four large pink petals on each flower.
Buchanan Co.
Buchanan Co. Bluffwoods Conservation Area. Five miles south of St.
Joseph, Missouri. East of Hwy. 59.
2.
One of several plants growing together in partial shade along the Lone
Pine Trail. Five red and yellow petals, each with a flower spur. About
6 inches tall.
3.
A single plant growing in a shaded area near a small waterfall in Kerlin
Creek close to the second bridge from the trail head. Five dark blue
petals that are bent back. About a foot tall.
4/12/10
KANSAS
4.
Plant Taxonomy - Field Notebook
Plant Collections
• Requirements for each Team:
1. Ten (10) plants correctly identified, pressed and
mounted.
2. An additional 15 plants correctly identified and
pressed or correctly identified and photographed
(in power point format). This makes a total of 25
plants required at minimum = “C” grade.
3. “A” and “B” Collection grades will be determined
by total number of plant specimens and quality of
collection.
Plant Characteristics
• Plant Organs:
– Roots
– Stems
– Leaves
– Flowers
– Fruits
– Seeds
Plant Characteristics
• Flower:
• Sepals…Calyx
• Petals…Corolla
• Stamens…Androecium
anther & filament
• Pistils…Gynecium
stigma, style, ovary (egg)
Plant Characteristics
• Sexual Reproduction:
• Pollination ---> Fertilization
• Seed - embryo
• Fruit - ripened ovary; dispersal
Plant Characteristics
• Sexual Reproduction:
• Primitive flower - blending of flower parts; spirally
arranged
• …………………………………………………….
• Carpel - primitive pistil
Plant Characteristics
• Sexual Reproduction (No. of Carpels):
• 1. Lines on the outside of the pistil
• 2. One stigma lobe per carpel
• 3. Number of locules
Plant Characteristics
• Flower Symmetry:
Plant Characteristics
• Inflorescence Type (arrangement of flowers
on the flowering stem):
Solitary - one flower per peduncle
Terminal:
Axillary:
Plant Characteristics
• Inflorescence Type (arrangement of flowers on the
flowering stem):
Many Flowered - More than one flower per
inflorescence
• spike:
• Raceme:
Plant Characteristics
•
Inflorescence Type (arrangement of flowers on the flowering stem):
Many Flowered - More than one flower per inflorescence
•
•
Panicle:
Much branched
•
•
•
Corymb:
Outer flowers
oldest
Plant Characteristics
•
Inflorescence Type (arrangement of flowers on the flowering stem):
Many Flowered - More than one flower per inflorescence
• Cyme:
• Middle flowers
• oldest
• Umbel:
• All come of
• Peduncle apex
Plant Characteristics
• Inflorescence Type (arrangement of flowers on the flowering
stem):
Many Flowered - More than one flower per inflorescence
• Head:
• Dense, rounded with many sessile flowers
Plant Characteristics
• Inflorescence Types
Plant Characteristics
• Ovary Position
Plant Characteristics
• Ovary Position
Plant Characteristics
• Stem - Branch
Bud: an embryonic branch
Plant Characteristics
• Leaves
Plant Characteristics
• Leave Position
Plant Characteristics
• Underground Roots/Stems
Plant Characteristics
• Woody vs Herbaceous:
• Woody •
Shrubs (fruticose)
•
•
•
•
Trees
arboreous - well developed trunk
arborescent - > 20 ft. tall but main
trunk short
Vines- climbing with tendrils
Plant Characteristics
• Age of Woody Perennials:
• Apical Dominance
• Age of Branch
• Age of Tree
Plant Characteristics
• Fruit or Pericarp – Ripened Ovary
Plant Characteristics
• Fruit Types:
• Fleshy:
• Berry - from one compound ovary
• Drupe - 1-seeded, indehiscent; with stony endocarp
Plant Characteristics
• Fruit Types:
• Fleshy:
• Hip - cluster on achenes in a hypanthium
• Pome - from a compound, inferior ovary with a thick
& fleshy receptacle
Plant Characteristics
• Fruit Types:
Plant Characteristics
• Fruit Types:
• Dry Indehiscent:
• Achene - 1-seeded, connected to the pericarp at a
single point
• Samara (Shizocarp)- 1-seeded winged achene
Plant Characteristics
• Fruit Types:
• Dry Indehiscent:
• Acorn - 1-seeded, with a hard coat & surrounded by
a cap of hard bracts
• Nut - 1-seeded, hard coat
Plant Characteristics
• Fruit Types:
Plant Characteristics
• Dry Dehiscent:
• Capsule - multiple carpeled, opening in
various ways
• Follicle - 1-carpelated fruit splitting down 1
side
Plant Characteristics
• Dry Dehiscent:
• Legume - 1-celled, 1-carpelated, splitting on
2 sides
• Sillicle (sillique)- short, 2-locular fruit with
each half separating from one another with a
thin septum
Plant Characteristics
Plant Characteristics
• Fruit Types:
• Simple - from one ovary
• Compound
•
Aggregate
•
from many pistils
•
Accessory
•
from many pistils
•
fleshy receptacle
•
•
Multiple
from many flowers
Plant Characteristics
• Fruit Types:
Plant Characeristics
• Annual - one year or less
• Biennial - 2 years
• Perennial - more than 2 years
Plant Structure Coalescence
• Connate – Same kinds of structures coalesce
• Adnate – Different kinds of structures coalesce
Plant Structure Coalescence
– Synpetalous • Corolla tube
– Synsepalous • Calyx tube
Apetalous ?
Plant Structure Coalescence
Monodelphus - all stamens coalesce
Diadelphus - 2 stamens coalesce
Polydelphus - many stamen coalesce