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Where we’ve been: Basal Families: • • Family: Amborellaceae Family: Nymphaceae Subclass Magnoliidae: – Order Magnoliales • Family: Magnoliaceae – Order Laurales • Family: Lauraceae EUDICOTS: ‘Basal Tricolpates’: – Order Ranunculales • Family: Ranunculaceae • Family: Berberidaceae • Family: Papaveraceae – Order Proteales • Family: Platanaceae How should we think about all of this information??? First, let’s think in terms of evolution: Magnoliaceae as a baseline: primitive characteristics • usually woody, and lacking vessels • flower parts not well differentiated (corolla/calyx not distinct, anthers/filaments not distinct) • flower parts many!! (lots of spirally arranged tepals, stamens, carpels) • flower parts free, not fused (tepals free, carpels free, stamens not adnate to petals or connate) • flowers PERFECT • ovaries hypogynous, and carpels not sealed by fusion • flowers radial, not bilateral • leaves simple, entire and alternate – and often with aromatic oils • monocolpate pollen As we encounter new families, we will watch new ‘derived characters’ come on the scene. For example: Leaves can become: Flower parts can: • compound to twicecompound to… • emarginate (toothed, lobed, etc.) • fuse, becoming connate or adnate • differentiate • reduce in number • become more elegant/sophisticated in arrangement Or, flower parts can modify in all kinds of interesting ways! Stay tuned…….. • opposite Flowers can become: • bilateral • imperfect Next, let’s focus on characteristics of each family: • What are the basic traits? – Overall habit – Leaves – Flowers: • Perianth: calyx and corolla • Androecium • Gynoecium – Fruit – What is the norm for this family? What are the outliers like? – What are some of the unique features that make this family distinctive? Subclass: Caryophyllidae Orders: Caryophyllales and Polygonales • Primarily herbaceous and succulent • Carpels usually 2 or more, connate • Embryo usually curved • Seed with perisperm rather than endosperm (perisperm is derived from nucellus, rather than megasporangium; if you want to know more about this, we can talk in office hours; I’m not concerned with your knowing this last tidbit) • Color from betalains (except for Caryophyllaceae and Polygonaceae, where color is from anthocyanins) Order: Caryophyllales • 18 families, 8600 species • We will focus on five of these families: – Caryophyllaceae – Amaranthaceae – Aizoaceae – Portulacaceae – Cactaceae Caryophyllaceae: The ‘Pink’ Family Notice: • Swollen nodes • Opposite leaves • Secondary venation subtle • Primary veins appear parallel Cymose inflorescence with determinate flowering pattern Agrostemma capsules Curved Embryos Seeds! Notice textured seed coat and curved embryos of Caryophyllaceae Amaranthaceae (incl. Chenopodaceae): ‘Amaranth Family’ One typical ‘habit’ Diverse inflorescence structure and overall morphology Can be succulent too: Aizoaceae: ‘Stone Plant Family’ Varied vegetation – similar flowers Portulacaceae: ‘Purslane Family’ Lots of variation – leaf shape, flower size, flower color - One basic form: notice sepal-like bracts subtending flower Similar vegetation – different flowers! (be careful) Bladder-like cells – not always easy to see, but sometimes… Cactaceae: ‘Cactus Family’ Primitive cacti have broad leaves!! However, most cacti are ‘stemsucculents’. Areoles with spines Inflorescence of solitary flowers emerging from areoles Ovary usually +/- inferior Fruit are berries, sometimes with stem tissue enclosing them Polygonaceae: ‘Knotweed Family’ Eriogonum sp. OCREA: Stipules sheathing stem Notice angular ‘knotted’ habit of stems.