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Origin of Plants • Land plants came from Green Algae • A plant is a multicellular autotroph in which the embryo develops within the female parent. Challenges to Life on Land • Resources – Algae - surrounding water – Plants - air and soil • Roots – Anchor plant – Absorb water and Minerals • Shoots – Support, photosynthesis • Leaves – Gas exchange, photosynthesis • Vascular tissue – tube shape cells that branch through a plant – transport waters and minerals in plant Maintaining Moisture • Cuticle – Land plants’ waxy coating on the leaves and other aboveground parts of many plants, helping the plant body retain water. • Stomata - are microscopic pores in the leaf's surface. Algae Reproduction Surrounding water ensures that released gametes and offspring do not dry out. Also provides a means of dispersing the gametes and offspring to new locations. Challenge • Plants must keep from drying out in the air & must disperse. • Adaptations: – produce their gametes in a "jacket" of protective cells. The protective jacket surrounds a moist chamber where gametes can develop without dehydrating. – Sperm reach the eggs by pollen grains, which are carried by wind or animals Mosses (Bryophytes) • Nonvascular • Lack True leaves and roots – Have “roots” called rhizoids • Need water to reproduce Ferns • • • • Vascular Seedless (produce spores) Need water to reproduce Lignin Gymnosperms • Plant that bears seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary. • Conifers – most common gymnosperms. Picture 1: Why does the celery turn red? Picture 2: What are the red dots on the celery? Land Plants Problem Solution(s) cuticle Not in water – can’t disperse No water to hold up plant Need to be anchored Need to obtain water Stomata Mosses (Bryophytes) • Nonvascular • Lack True leaves and roots – Have “roots” called rhizoids • Need water to reproduce Alternation of Generations • Mosses have a sporophyte (spore producing) diploid stage and a gametophyte haploid stage. antheridium Define: Alternation of Generations archegonium Ferns (Pteridophytes) • • • • Vascular Seedless (produce spores) Need water to reproduce Lignin Spore producing structure found on the underside of the leaf. Gymnosperms • Plant that bears seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary. • Conifers – most common gymnosperms. Gymnosperms • Adaptations: – Small gametophyte (haploid) generation – Pollen – Seed – (embryo + food) Pollen • Pollen contains cells that develop into sperm. • Wind carries pollen from male to female cones. • Pollen allowed sperm to reach eggs in dry environments. • Why are mosses always small in size? • How do the male gametes of mosses get from one plant to another to fertilize an egg? • The ferns dominated the first forests on land. Describe two adaptations that allowed ferns to grow to tree size. • Why are ferns still restricted to moist habitats for at least part of their life cycle? • How are male gametes in gymnosperms transported? • Describe how a seed is an important adaptation for land plants. Do Now: Copy this Chart Ferns • The ferns dominated the first forests on land. Describe two adaptations that allowed ferns to grow to tree size. • Why are ferns still restricted to moist habitats for at least part of their life cycle? Gymnosperms • How are male gametes in gymnosperms transported? • Describe how a seed is an important adaptation for land plants. Angiosperms • Describe the important reproductive adaptations that characterize angiosperms. Name:__________________ • These anchor a plant into the ground. • Where do the spores of ferns grow? • What do the seeds of a gymnosperm lack? Name:_____________ • What adaptation maintains land plants moist? • What do mosses lack? • What do ferns need to reproduce? Name:_____________ • A gymnosperm is: • Ferns can grow taller than mosses because they have: • What is a seed: Name:_________________ • 2 problems with being a land plant: • These are found in leaves and used for gas exchange: • Mosses lack: