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THE PLANT KINGDOM
7 Basic needs of plants:
*temperature
*light
*water
*air
*nutrients
*time
*room to grow
All plants:
*eukaryotes and autotrophic.
*Most live on land and have a
way to obtain water.
* Many have a waterproof layer
covering their leaves called the
cuticle - prevents water loss.
Life Cycle of Plants
Two stages:
Sporophyte - the plant
produces spores
Gametophyte - the plant
produces 2 kinds of sex cells
(gametes) sperm cells and
egg cells
Two major divisions of plants
Vascular Plants those that have
vascular tissues
(tubes that transport
water throughout
the cell
Nonvascular Plants
- those that have
no vascular tissues
and must be
completely
connected to the
ground
The three kinds of
nonvascular plants are
mosses, liverworts
and hornworts.
MOSS
Mosses: green fuzzy part you see is
the gametophyte
Root-like structures called rhizoids
anchor the moss & absorb water and
nutrients from the soil.
Has a long thin stalk with a capsule
on the end that contains spores.
They live on tree trunks and rocks.
LIVERWORTS
Liverworts
Liverworts grow flat
along the ground on
moist rocks and soil
along streams. They
look like a human liver.
HORNWORTS
Hornworts look like
liverworts except that
they have curved
structures growing
out of them. They live
in moist soil mixed in
grasses.
VASCULAR PLANTS
Two main divisions of vascular
plants:
SPORE PRODUCERS
(ferns, club mosses and
horsetails)
2. SEED PRODUCERS
1.
Ferns, club mosses and horsetails
need moist surroundings so spores
will survive and grow into
gametophytes. When the
gametophytes produce egg and
sperm cells, there must be enough
water nearby for fertilization to
occur.
Most club mosses and horsetails have
become extinct …
All other plants are seed
plants. They have two
types of vascular tissue
(xylem and phloem) and
use seeds to reproduce.
Cells of stems
are xylem, or
phloem located in long
strands called
vascular
bundles.
xylem
cells:
move
water in
plants.
phloem
cells:
move food
down the
stem to other
parts of the
plant.
TWO TYPES OF
STEMS:
woody
Stems that are hard and stiff.
These stems usually don't die
back to the ground during the
winter. These are stems we use
to make furniture and houses.
herbaceous
Plants with
stems that are
usually soft.
These stems die
back to the
ground every
year.
Two types of seed plants:
GYMNOSPERMS:
•Woody stems(conifers)
• Produce naked
•seeds not enclosed in an
ovary
•Needle like leaves
REPRODUCTION IN GYMNOSPERMS
Conifers produce male and female
cones - sometimes cones are produced
on separate trees
Male cones
produce pollen
Females
produce one
ovule at base of
cone
Pollen falls
from male on
to female.
In time sperm
and egg cell
join in ovule.
Zygote
develops into
embryo.
POLLINATION:
Transfer of male
reproductive structure
Seed develops &
cone size increases.
to female reproductive
structure
Cones with
immature seeds
point up & cones
with mature seeds
point down.
2nd type
of seed
plant
ANGIOSPERMS:
•Herbaceous stems
•Produce stems in enclosed fruit
•two characteristics - produce
flowers and fruit
PARTS OF THE FLOWER:
The stigma is the
sticky surface at
the top of the pistil;
it traps and holds
the pollen. The
style is the tubelike structure that
holds up the
stigma. The style
leads down to the
ovary that contains
the ovules.
The stamen has two
parts: anthers and
filaments. The
anthers carry the
pollen. These are
generally yellow in
color. Anthers are
held up by a threadlike part called a
filament.
Petals attract
pollinators.
The sepals are
the green petallike parts at the
base of the
flower. Sepals
help protect the
developing bud.
Seeds develop once the
sperm cells fertilize the egg
cells.
The seed provides a covering
to keep the young plant from
drying out.
All seeds have an embryo,
stored food and a seed coat.
•The young plant that develops
from the fertilized egg is called
the embryo.
•The embryo has the beginnings
of the roots, stems and leaves.
•The embryo uses the stored food
inside the seed to grow.
•The stored food is in cotyledons.
The outer part is called the seed
coat.
TWO TYPES OF ANGIOSPERMS
DICOT:
examples are
roses, violets
and dandelions,
oak, maple,
vanilla bean and
apple
•Flowers have 4 or 5
petals or multiples of
that number
•Leaves are wide with
veins that branch off
each other
•Stems have bundles of
vascular tissue
arranged in a circle.
MONOCOT:
Examples are
grasses, corn,
wheat, rice,
lilies, tulips
•Slender leaves
with veins that
run parallel like
train tracks
•Vascular
tissue is
scattered
randomly
through stem
Life Cycle
A plant's life cycle
describes how long a
plant lives or how long it
takes to grow, flower,
and set seed. Plants can
be either an annual,
perennial, or biennial.
Annual
A plant that completes its
life cycle in one growing
season. It will grow,
flower, set seed, and die
Examples: marigolds,
tomatoes, and petunias.
Perennial
A plant that lives for 3
or more years. It can
grow, flower, and set
seed for many years.
Examples: daisies,
chrysanthemums, and
roses.
(think bushes!)
Biennial
A plant that needs two
growing seasons to
complete its life cycle.
Produces leaves one
season, rests in winter and
grows flowers & seeds the
next season.
Examples: parsley, carrots, & foxglove.
Plant Parts - Roots
The roots provide support anchor the plant & absorb
water and nutrients needed
for growth.
I’M A
ROOT!
ROOT SYSTEMS
Taproot system
A root with a few
branches that is very
thick and swollen.
Carrots & potatoes
are example.
fibrous root system
Some plants have a root
system like this. It is a
bunch of very fine roots all
together. Grass plants have
fibrous roots.
Plant Parts - Stems
Stems carry water and
nutrients taken up by the
roots to the leaves. They
also provide support.
Without stem, there
would be nothing to hold
up leaves or flowers!
Plant Parts - Leaves
Leaves are the
food making
factories of green
plants.
Leaves can be simple,
made of a single leaf
OR...
blade
compound in
which the leaf
blade is divided
into separate
leaflets
Joins leaf to main stem
Joins leaf to main stem
LEAF CELLS
Leaf Functions:Leaf cell