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Unit 6 Seeds Horticulture/Landscape 1 What is Propagation? • There are many ways of propagating, or reproducing, plants. • The most common method of reproducing flowering as well as vegetable and cereal crops in through the use of seeds. • Seeds are a means of rapidly increasing the number of certain plants. • Some plants don’t seed true to form. 2 What is Propagation? 3 What is Propagation? 4 What is Propagation? • Plants that are not produced directly from seeds or don’t produce seeds that will grow, such as some hybrids, must be propagated by another method to obtain exact duplicates. • Hybrids: – Are the offspring of two different varieties of one plant, each of which possesses certain characteristics that are desired in the new plants. 5 What is Propagation? • Propagation may be accomplished by division of roots; by cuttings of leaves, stems, or roots, or by budding and grafting. • Asexual reproduction is possible because each cell of a plant contains all the characteristics of the entire plant and can regrow any missing part. 6 What is Propagation? • Plant propagation predates recorded history. • Very early humans planted seeds or divided plants to increase plant numbers. • The quality of plants was improving by using seed from the best plants to produce other plants. • Tissue culture or micropropagation is the newest approach to plant propagation. 7 What is Propagation? • This is as asexual method in which a growing shoot, tip, or bud of the plant is separated and grown on an agar gel or other nutrient medium. • Thousands of new plants exactly like the parent plant can be produced very quickly. • This has been done for years using orchids. 8 Propagation of Plants From Seeds • Many plants are started from seed because it is quick and economical method. • Proper environmental and cultural conditions must be provided. • These include: – – – – Temperature Moisture Light Medium 9 Propagation of Plants From Seeds • Seeds of annual plants which are not hybrids generally come true from seed. • Named varieties are specific strains of one type of plant which have been named to indicate their particular traits. – Tomato plants have numerous named varieties such as Better Boy, and Marglobe. – Each is a different size, has different maturity dates etc… 10 – Seeds should not be saved from hybrids and planted. Special Treatment of Seeds for Germination • Some seeds have a hard seed coat which must be soaked or scratched before the seeds are able to germinate. • This is called scarification • Other seeds require a moist, cold rest period at temperatures below 37 F for 8 weeks or longer. – Examples: Apple, pear, peach, maple , yew. 11 Special Treatment of Seeds for Germination • Other seeds must go through alternate wetting and drying. • Some must have light to germinate. • Some must have darkness to germinate. • Any special treatments will be printed on the seed packet or enclosed with the planting directions. 12 Composition of Seeds • The basis parts of a seed are the seed coat, the endosperm, and the embryo. • Seed Coat – Is the outside covering of the seed which protects the embryonic plant. – The seed coat makes it possible for the seeds to be transported and stored for long periods of time. 13 Composition of Seeds • Endosperm (Stored Plant Food) – Is the food storage tissue which nourishes the embryonic plant during germination. • Embryo (Or Embryonic Plant) – Is a new plant that is developed as a result of fertilization. – During germination it extends its roots and seed leaves to form a new plant. 14 Identification And Selection of Seed • There are several important steps in the selection of seed. – Identify which seeds are grown locally. – Select seeds that have been tested for the years growing season for germination ability and purity. – Purchase the seeds from a reliable dealer to assure that the variety is pure and that germination ability is acceptable. – Choose hybrid varieties for greater vigor, 15 uniformity, and flowering ability. Identification And Selection of Seed • Some new things have been done with seeds to improve germination and uniformity or growth. – Seed quality has been improved and seeds have been sorted by weight. – This results in all seedlings coming up at the same time. 16 Identification And Selection of Seed • Seeds are primed or enhanced – This is done by soaking the seeds in salt solutions of KCL or ethyl alcohol. – This treatment causes the growth hormones or enzymes to become active and young roots start to grow. – By regulating the amount of moisture and chemical, growth is stopped at a point where the seed may still be safely stored. 17 Identification And Selection of Seed • Small difficult to plant seeds are now coated or pelletized to make them larger and easier to plant. • Some companies even glue them to a tape with the proper spacing. • All you do is stretch out the tape and cover it with soil. 18 Germination Medium • The best medium for germination has a favorable pH level and an adequate supply of plant nutrients. • A good germination medium contains one or more of the following ingredients. – Soil, Construction Grade Sand, Peat Moss, Sphagnum Moss, Horticulture Grade Perlite, Vermiculite, Jiffy Mix. 19 Indirect Seeding • Indirect seeding is a process in which seed is sown in a place separate from where the plants will eventually grow to maturity. • The seedlings are transplanted one or more times before reaching the permanent growing area. • Flats are made of plastic and come in many shapes and sizes. 20 Indirect Seeding • Size selection should be determined by the number of seeds to be sown. • Medium is placed in the flat and leveled off about ½ - ¾ inch below the top. • It is best to sow seeds in rows because if disease strikes one row it can be removed without disturbing the others. 21 Indirect Seeding • When to seed. – Seeds must be planted on certain dates so that the seedlings are ready for transplanting at the proper time. • Sowing Seeds – Follow the directions on the package to determine the distance apart the seeds should be sown. – The seed package will also give the proper depth the seeds should be planted at. 22 Indirect Seeding • Watering the Seed Flat – Water aids in germination by making the seed coat soft. – If the flat is watered from the top, care must be taken to avoid washing the seeds out of the flat. – Very small seeds should never be watered from the top. – They may be washed too deeply into the soil. 23 Indirect Seeding • Transplanting Seedlings – After seeds germinate, they develop seed leaves or cotyledons, the first leaves to appear on the plant. – The plant should be allowed to grow until the first true leaves are present before it is transplanted. 24 Direct Seeding • Are plants planted directly in the permanent growing area. – Ex corn, beans, beets, etc… 25