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On the following
slides, the green
sections are the most
important –
Underlined words =
vocabulary!
Hyperlinks are
shown in purple.
Background Image
Plant Systems
Image
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The Texas Bluebonnet
(Lupinus texensis) is
our state flower and a
plant native to Texas.
Remember that plants
are NOT dead, but
very much alive and
composed of
eukaryotic cells!
In this unit we will
discuss the systems in
plants, specifically
transport,
reproduction, and
response.
Introduction
Review of Plant Cells
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http://www.terrebonneonline.com/plantcell1.jpg
Plants are multicellular
eukaryotes w/ cell walls made
of cellulose.
Plants are autotrophs that
carryout photosynthesis to
obtain energy.
To carry out cellular functions,
plants need:
o Sunlight
o Water
o CO2
o Minerals
Review of Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20 + LIGHT
(Carbon dioxide) (water)
o
C6H1206 + 602
(glucose)
(oxygen)
Photosynthesis – the process by which autotrophs
convert light energy and carbon dioxide into glucose
as a food source for the plant.
http://s2.hubimg.com/u/701793_f520.jpg
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Cell Differentiation
Plants have cell
differentiation
(different cell
types perform
specific
functions).
EX Root cells,
stem cells, and
flower petal cells
all have specific
functions (jobs)
that they carry
out for the plant.
AKA Cell
Specialization
http://lifescitpjhs.wikispaces.com/file/view/DifferentiationPlant.png/301427382/
DifferentiationPlant.png
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Absorption via Roots
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Roots are specialized underground organs that absorb
water and minerals necessary for the plant and anchor
[hold] the plant in the soil and help to prevent soil
erosion.
o tap root – (ex: carrot) single large central root
o fibrous root – (ex: grasses) clump of short threadlike
divisions
http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlinecourse/Diagrams/c5/c5-1root.gif
http://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu/grow/images/plant_organs.jpg
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Stems are specialized tissues
that support leaves to hold
them up to sun, and transport
water, sugars, and nutrients
through the plant.
Some stems are also modified
for glucose [sugar] storage
areas.
Transport via Stems
Transport Cont.
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Just like in animals,
vascular tissues transport
materials for plants.
o Xylem – transports
water (L for liquid) via
capillary action in
stacked cells to form
straw-like drinking
tubes; movement is up
from roots to leaves
o Phloem – transports
glucose; movement can
be up and down
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_b8o0_bDa4QI/RsKvBY5ZufI/AAAAAAA
AAF0/BmCafNOYe6A/s400/xylem1%5B1%5D.gif
Photosynthesis via Leaves
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http://www.ecomagic.org/fruition/leaves-1.jpg
Leaves are the tissues
where most
photosynthesis, and
transpiration
[evaporation from
plants] occurs.
o Veins run through
the leaves, transport
water, glucose,
minerals, etc. to the
plant cells
Photosynthesis Cont.
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Stomata are openings in
leaf tissue, much like the
pores in our skin, used for
gas exchange.
o Guard cells control the
opening and closing of
stoma; the cells
surround the opening
contain numerous
mitochondria for energy
conversion
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/inte
rviews/stoma_diagram.gif
Stomates forming cells in
Arabidopsis thaliana.
Image
http://mips.helmholtzmuenchen.de/plant/static/images/blumeninschwabenArabidopsisTha
liana.jpg
Reproduction via Flowers
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Flowers are a reproductive
organ (not all plants have
flowers) with male and female
parts.
o pollination – transporting
pollen (male sperm) to
female part (ovule)
o fertilization – union of
sperm with egg (creates a
development of a plant
embryo [seed] which grows
into a mature plant).
http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/families/flwrparts.jpg
Flowers Cont.
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Male
o Stamen – consist of the anther (produces pollen) and
filament (supports anther)
o Pollen – contains sperm
Female
o Pistil – consists of the stigma, (where pollen lands),
style, (connects stigma to ovary), and the ovule
(develops into the fruit)
o Ovule – develops into an egg, eventually becomes
the seed when fertilized
Non-sexual
o Petals – colored parts, attract pollinators (EX bees)
o Sepals – green parts, protect flower parts
Flower Cont.
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct08/bj-peru.html
Reproductive Tissues - Fruit
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http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/foodkitchen/food/fruits/tropical-fruits_4.jpg
Fruits develop from a flower’s
female reproductive structure(s),
and sometimes other parts too.
o The fruits contain the seed(s)
o provide a means to spread
and disperse the seed(s)
and/or as a food source
[rich in nutrients] for the
germinating seed.
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EX fleshy fruit like strawberries,
apples, tomato,
EX dry fruit like walnuts and
acorns
Reproductive Tissues – Seeds
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http://asm.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/Plants/
seeds/seed.gif
Seed Plants form seeds (a plant
embryo surrounded by a food
supply) in order to reproduce.
o Seeds are encased in a
protective covering called a
seed coat.
Video
http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/imag
es_rev/seed-pics.jpg
Seedless Reproduction
Seedless plants do not form
hard seeds (EX mosses and
ferns) and therefore these
plants MUST have water in
order for the sperm to swim
to the egg..
http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlineco
urse/Diagrams/c10/c10-4fern.gif
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Photo and caption by Bente Haarstad
Response
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Just like animals, plants respond to changes in their
environments (called tropism) – Tropism Animation
There are four main types of tropisms:
o Gravitropism/Geotropism = response in plants that
make it grow either with the pull of gravity or
against it
o Hydrotropism = response that bends it towards
water
o Phototropism = response that bends it towards light
o Thigmotropism = response that bends it around an
object (EX a vine wrapping around an arbor)
Response Cont.
http://withfriendship.com/images/h/38808/Tropism-picture.gif
Response Cont.
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Another type of
response, specifically to
changes in pressure, is
called a nastic response.
The most common
example is the infamous
Venus flytrap which
closes its leaf when the
plant senses an insect to
digest nutrients using
enzymes.
Nastic Slideshow
http://www.justvenusflytraps.com/images/homepageimage.jpg
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A hormone is a chemical produced in one part of an
organism that is transported to another part where it
causes a physiological change - plant hormones regulate
the growth and development in plants –
Image
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Some hormones include:
o Auxins – promote cell
elongation and growth
o Gibberellins – promote
cell elongation, bud
development and seed
germination
o Cytokinins – stimulate
mitosis and cell division
Plant Hormones
Photograph by Luis del Río
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Conclusion
Plants provide consumers
with oxygen to breathe,
food, shelter, as well as
cleaning the air and water
for the planet.
Just like animals, plants
are active responders
within various
environments to survive
and thrive.
Their use and importance
is numerous; humans use
plants with healing
properties in medical
treatments.