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Kingdom Plantae Lower Plants, Organization, Morphology and Reproduction Plant Evolution Ancestor = Charophytes member of the green algae Problems associated with movement to land 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Desiccation (dehydration) Gas exchange Support of multicellular structures Reproduction Spore or seed dispersal Alternation of Generations Alternation of generations Diploid • Full # chromosomes • 2n • All non-gamete cells • Can’t be gametes • Human = 46 • • • • • Haploid ½ # chromosomes n Gametes At fertilization become diploid zygote • Human = 23 Alternation of generations Two Generations: 1. Sporophyte stage (spore-plant) a. Diploid stage (2n) b. Produces haploid spores by meiosis c. Spores grow into gametophyte containing male or female repro structures. Alternation of Generations Alternation of generations con’t. Two Generations: 2. Gametophyte (n) (gamete plant) a. haploid stage b. Male: has antheridia, makes sperm c. Female: has archegonia, makes eggs d. gametes produced via MITOSIS e. Sperm swim f. Fertilization produces zygote g. Grows into Sporophyte Alternation of Generations Bryophytes (nonvascular land plants) Hepatophyta Anthocerophyta Bryophyta Liverworts Hornworts Mosses The Liverworts (Hepatophyta) - Marchantia sp. Female Gametophyte Gemmae cups-asexual Archegonia The Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) Anthoceros sp. Moss plants – Bryophyta gametophyte & sporophyte generations See fig 27.12, Russell* Adaptation to Land Problems associated with movement to land 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Desiccation (dehydration) Gas exchange Support of multicellular structures Reproduction Spore or seed dispersal Adaptation to Land (desiccation, gas xchge) 1. Stomata: a. Openings in leaf surface b. control H2O loss b. allow for gas exchange Adaptation to Land (desiccation,transport) 1. Stomata: 2. Vascular Structures a. Xylem-H2O up from Roots b. Phloem-sugar around Adaptation to Land (dessication) 1. Stomata: 2. Vascular 3. Cuticle a. H2O proof b. prevents dessication Cuticle (made of cutin) Adaptation to Land (support) 1. Stomata: 2. Vascular Structures 3. Support a. Lignin in cell walls b. allows for branching and larger size Bryophytes No true roots or vascular tissue - 2 cm tall Still have a need for water (Repro) Vascular Plants Dominant stage = sporophyte (Gametophyte hidden) Specialized organs a. Roots - rhizomes b. Stems c. Leaves Vascular plants con’t. Branching Some contain lignin a. structural support Vascular tissues a. Xylem b. phloem Vascular Bundles in Monocot stem Vascular plants con’t. Two types of growth – apical meristem a. Primary growth b. Secondary growth Sperm still flagellated Maintained stomata & cuticle Nonseed Vascular Plants Lycophyta Psilotophyta Sphenophyta Pterophyta Lycophyta Psilotophyta Lycopodium sp. Psilotum sp. (microphylls) (stems only) Sphenophyta Equisetum sp. Pterophyta – the ferns Sori on the underside of sporophylls Vascular Seed Plants Coniferophyta - the gymnosperms Anthophyta - the angiosperms Seed plants Purpose of the seed: A. means of dispersal of offspring B. Survive unfavorable conditions C. Stores food for embryo D. Protection from predators E. Remember “Seedy Side of Plants” Seed plants (con’t.) Non-flagellated sperm a. pollen b. Moved by water, wind, insects, and animals c. Forms pollen tube for sperm Egg cells a. Called ovules located inside the ovary Seed plants con’t. Reduced gametophyte a. composed only of sperm or egg Maintained: a.vascular tissue, b.Cuticle c.stomata Gymnosperms A. Needle-like leaves B. Found in moderately cold & dry regions C. Direct pollination ovules NOT enclosed by tissue of the sporophyte (gym= naked) Gymnosperm Life Cycle Gymnosperms – naked seed plants Phy: Cycadophyta Phy: Ginkophyta Cycads (Sego palm) Strobili: sporophylls (leaves with sporangia) Ginkgo biloba Phylum: Gnetophyta Welwitschia Ephedra Coniferophyta Angiosperms 1. Produce flowers, seeds and fruit 2. Petals brightly colored to attract pollinators 3. Dominate the landscape The anatomy of a flower Flower anatomy con’t. Angiosperms con’t. 1. 2. 3. 4. Pollination Pollen grain lands on stigma and germinates Pollen tube grows down through style into ovary releases sperm into ovules (egg cells) Mature ovary = fruit Mature ovule = seed Pollination Monocots vs. Dicots Mono 1. 1 cotyledon 2. Parallel vein 3. Fibrous root 4. Flwr parts in 3 5. Scattered bundles (in the stem) Dicot 2 cotyledons net-like vein tap root flwr parts in 4-5 bundles in ring