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Kingdom Plantae
Plant Morphology
Plant Evolution
Ancestor = Charophytes  member
of the green algae
Evidence that supports this idea:
1. Homologous chloroplasts
Similarity in characteristics d/t common
ancestry
2.
3.
4.
5.
Biochemical similarity
Similarities in cytokinesis
Sperm cell ultrastructure
Genetic relationships
Problems associated with movement to land
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Desiccation
Gas exchange
Support of multicellular structures
Spore or seed dispersal
Reproduction
Alternation of generations
Two Generations:
1. Sporophyte stage
a. Diploid stage
b. Sporo = spore (n) plant
a. sporopollenin
c. Spores produced via meiosis
d. Sporangium  sporocytes (2n)
Alternation of generations con’t.
Two Generations:
2. Gametophyte
a. haploid stage
b. gameto = gamete plant
c. gametes produced via MITOSIS
Bryophytes
(nonvascular
land plants)
Hepatophyta
Anthoceros
Bryophyta
Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
Bryophytes
Gametangia = structures where
gametes are produced
a. Archegonia - egg cells
b. Antheridia – sperm cells
* Sporophyte cannot live independently
Moss plants – gametophyte & sporophyte generations
The Liverworts (Hepatophyta) - Marchantia sp.
The Hornworts
(Anthocerophyta)
Anthoceros sp.
Bryophytes con’t
Stomata
a. openings in leaves that allow for
gas exchange
Bryophytes con’t
Cuticle
(made of cutin)
Bryophytes con’t.
No fundamental difference between
above and below ground parts
- 2 cm tall
Still have a need for water
Vascular Plants
Dominant stage = sporophyte
Specialized organs
a.
b.
Stems
Leaves
- megaphyll
- microphyll
c.
Sporophylls
-
d.
Many cone shaped
Homosporous & heterosporous
Roots
- rhizomes
Vascular plants con’t.
Branching  increased sporangia
Some contain lignin
a. structural support
Vascular tissues
a. Xylem
b. phloem
Vascular plants con’t.
6. Two types of growth – apical
meristem
a. Primary growth
b. Secondary growth
7. Sperm still flagellated
8. Maintained stomata & cuticle
Nonseed
Vascular
Plants
Lycophyta
Psilotophyta
Sphenophyta
Pterophyta
Lycophyta
Psilotophyta
Lycopodium sp.
Psilotum sp.
(microphylls)
(stems only)
Sphenophyta
Equisetum sp.
Pterophyta – the ferns
Sori on the underside of sporophylls
Vascular
Seed Plants
Coniferophyta
- the gymnosperms
Anthophyta
- the angiosperms
Seed plants
Purpose of the seed:
A. means of dispersal
B. Survive unfavorable conditions
C. Stores food for embryo
D. Protection from predators
Seed plants con’t.
1. Non-flagellated sperm
a. pollen
b. Moved by water, wind, insects, and
animals
2. Egg cells
a. Called ovules  located inside the
ovary
Seed plants con’t.
3. Reduced gametophyte
a. composed only of sperm or egg
4. Maintained vascular tissue, cuticles,
and stomata
Gymnosperms
1. Needle-like leaves
2. Found in moderately cold & dry
regions
3. Direct pollination  ovules NOT
enclosed by tissue of the
sporophyte
Gymnosperms – naked seed plants
Cycads
Ginkgo biloba
Gnetophyta
Welwitschia
Ephedra
Coniferophyta
Angiosperms
1. Produce seeds and flowers
2. Petals  brightly colored to
attract pollinators
3. Dominate the landscape
The anatomy of a flower
Flower anatomy con’t.
Angiosperms con’t.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pollination
Pollen grain lands on stigma and
germinates
Pollen tube grows down through
style into ovary  releases sperm
into ovules (egg cells)
Mature ovary = fruit
Mature ovule = seed
Pollination
Monocots vs. Dicots
Mono
1. 1 cotyledon
2. Parallel vein
3. Fibrous root
4. Flwr parts in 3
5. Scattered bundles
(in the stem)
Dicot
2 cotyledons
net-like vein
tap root
flwr parts in 4-5
bundles in ring