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Transcript
THE ECOSYSTEM 22/05/2017 C Morritt Ecosystems 1 Explain the concept of an ecosystem and how ecosystems are interlinked to form one biosphere 22/05/2017 C Morritt The Ecosystem Model 22/05/2017 Australian Desert C Morritt Biotic 22/05/2017 PLANTS (PRODUCERS) - Spinifex triodea ANIMALS (CONSUMERS) - termites C Morritt Biotic ANIMALS Spinifex Hopping Mouse (Notomys alexis) The Spinifex Hopping Mouse is a true rodent as its common name suggests. It is most commonly found in red sandy habitats, usually with a ground cover of spinifex. 22/05/2017 C Morritt Biotic The Spinifex Pigeon is named after the spinifex that grows low along the ground. The pigeons peck and eat it as partC Morritt of their daily diet. 22/05/2017 Varanus giganteus 22/05/2017 C Morritt Abiotic components Large diurnal temperature range 22/05/2017 C Morritt FIRE Abiotic components Slope of the ground Aspect 22/05/2017 C Morritt Wind direction Sun/shade Abiotic components Soil 22/05/2017 C Morritt Minerals pH Rainfall Interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment 22/05/2017 C Morritt Sheep hooves and soil compaction and erosion Interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment 22/05/2017 C Morritt Plant roots remove soil nutrients Soil provides anchorage for roots Interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment 22/05/2017 C Morritt Roots bind sand Interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment Environmental Factors - Cloud Early morning mist/cloud on mountain augments rainfall during relatively dry winters: altitude ca. 1100 metres. Tinaroo Range, Queensland 22/05/2017 C Morritt Interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment Environmental Factors -- Fire Burnt eucalypt woodland on sandy soils Near Perth, Western Australia 22/05/2017 C Morritt Interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment Environmental Factors -- Windexposure Salt-air "scald" on coastal windward side of crown of Brush Box, recently exposed by real estate development. Closeup of crown Gold Coast, Queensland 1960s 22/05/2017 C Morritt Interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment 22/05/2017 C Morritt Environmental Factors -- Windexposure Streamlining on coastal cliff with favourable soil and no human impacts Interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment A wombat den, with wombat droppings! 22/05/2017 C Morritt Interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment Salinisation affects vegetation. Vegetation affects salinity of soil 22/05/2017 C Morritt Interactions between members of the same species 22/05/2017 C Morritt Tasmanian Devils compete for food Interactions between members of the same species 22/05/2017 C Morritt Tasmanian Devils compete for Mates Interactions between members of different species Honey dew Possum feeding on Banksia nectar Pollination 22/05/2017 C Morritt Interactions between members of different species 22/05/2017 C Morritt Honeyeater on Kangaroo Paw Interactions between members of different species Animals -- Seed Dispersal Germinating rainforest tree seedlings in Cassowary dung Tully to Mission Beach Road, Queensland C Morritt 22/05/2017 Interactions between members of different species Different species of forest bird feed in different areas of the canopy 22/05/2017 C Morritt Major Ecosystem Components Abiotic Components Water, air, temperature, soil, light levels, precipitation, salinity Sets tolerance limits for populations and communities Some are limiting factors that structure the abundance of populations Biotic Components Producers, consumers, decomposers Plants, animals, bacteria/fungi Biotic interactions with biotic components include predation, competition, symbiosis, parasitism, commensalism etc. ORGANISM One Kangaroo 22/05/2017 C Morritt SPECIES A group of potentially interbreeding organisms that can mate and produce viable, fertile offspring. 22/05/2017 C Morritt Macropus rufus Red kangaroo 22/05/2017 C Morritt Macropus fuliginosus Eastern Grey kangaroo 22/05/2017 C Morritt Macropus giganteus Western Grey Kangaroo 22/05/2017 C Morritt POPULATION A group of the same species living and interacting in the same place at the same time. 22/05/2017 C Morritt Community 22/05/2017 C Morritt Different populations living in association in the one place at the same time. HABITAT The place where an organism lives 22/05/2017 C Morritt NICHE Different species of forest bird feed in different areas of the canopy. The role of an organism in the ecosystem 22/05/2017 C Morritt NICHE 22/05/2017 C Morritt AUTOTROPH 22/05/2017 HETEROTROPH C Morritt DECOMPSERS 22/05/2017 C Morritt DECOMPOSERS 22/05/2017 C Morritt Fungus mycelium DECOMPSERS 22/05/2017 C Morritt Bacteria CONCEPT OF ECOSYSTEM Biotic Community Biotic Community Abiotic Environment 22/05/2017 C Morritt Biotic Community Primary Productivity The conversion of light energy to chemical energy is called “gross primary production.” Plants use the energy captured in photosynthesis for maintenance and growth. The energy that is accumulated in plant biomass is called “net primary production.” Primary Productivity NettPP=GrossPP-respiration rate GrossPP= RATE at which producers convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass Rate at which producers use photosynthesis to fix inorganic carbon into the organic carbon of their tissues These producers must use some of the total biomass they produce for their own respiration NettPP= Rate at which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass (available to consumers) Units Kcal/m2/yr or g/m2/yr How do you measure it? Most productive vs. least productive What are the most productive Ecosystems? Estuaries Swamps and marshes Tropical rain forest Temperate forest Northern coniferous forest (taiga) Savanna Agricultural land Woodland and shrubland Temperate grassland Lakes and streams Continental shelf Open ocean Tundra (arctic and alpine) Desert scrub Extreme desert 800 1,600 2,400 3,200 4,000 4,800 5,600 6,400 7,200 Average net primary productivity (kcal/m2/yr) 8,000 8,800 9,600 BIOSPHERE 22/05/2017 C Morritt ATMOSPHERE 22/05/2017 C Morritt HYDROSHERE 22/05/2017 C Morritt Pacific Ocean LITHOSPHERE 22/05/2017 C Morritt ROCKS AND SOIL LITHOSPHERE 22/05/2017 C Morritt ROCKS AND SOIL ECOSPHERE 22/05/2017 C Morritt BIOSPHERE 22/05/2017 C Morritt 22/05/2017 C Morritt 22/05/2017 C Morritt Macropus fuliginosus Eastern Grey Kangaroo 22/05/2017 C Morritt