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ECOLOGY The Study of the Interaction of organisms with their environment The Environment • Biotic Factors all of the living things in the environment • Abiotic Factors all of the nonliving things in the environment Community • All of the living things in an area that DEPEND on each other Relationships in a Community -1 Symbiosis = “Living Together” – Close relationship between two or more species – Examples • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism Mutualism • Both species benefit from the relationship • WIN – WIN • EX: acacia tree and ants. Commensalism • One species benefits from the relationship and the other is unaffected. • WIN – “I don’t care” • EX: Orchid Parasitism • One species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) • WIN – LOSE • EX: Tick • Parasite does not want to kill the host. Why? Relationships in a Community - 2 • Predation - The feeding of one organisms on another – Predator • hunts/eats – Prey • gets eaten Habitat • The Place where an organism lives Niche • The JOB of an organism in a community Niches in a Community • PRODUCER • CONSUMER • DECOMPOSER Producer (Autotroph) • Plants make food in a community • Photosynthesis – using sunlight to make food Consumer (Heterotroph) • Can’t make their own food • Primary Consumer Eats plants • Secondary Consumer Eats other animals Decomposers • Are consumers • Get food by breaking down dead matter • Recycle nutrients • Examples – Fungi (molds, mushrooms) – Bacteria Energy • The ability to do work • Flows through an ecosystem • What is the primary source of energy in an ecosystem? The Sun Food Chain • Pathway of energy through an ecosystem Sun Grass Producer Grasshopper Primary Consumer Bird Secondary Consumer Food Web • Food chains connected in a community • All of the possible feeding relationships Food Web Energy Pyramid TERTIARY CONSUMER SECONDARY CONSUMER PRIMARY CONSUMER PRODUCER Energy Pyramid • Shows energy loss in a food chain – 90% lost as heat • # of organisms at each level decreases – Less energy available • Because of energy loss, maximum of 5 levels.
