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2010 – The Global Biodiversity Challenge • • • • CBD Introduction Objectives CBD as an adequate framework Expected output The Strategic Plan for the Convention on Biological Diversity (2002) Achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on earth CBD Ggg Rationale CBD Biological diversity • Genes, genomes Examples of elements to be assessed • Number of varieties, cultivars and breeds; ecotypes; LMOs • Species, populations, • Population size (number of individuals; communities • Ecosystems, habitats biomass or volume; density); species richness; number of endemic species • coverage (e.g. vegetation, coral reefs); standing biomass; extent and amount of ecological services that can be provided CBD Microorganisms Plants & animals Habitats Biological diversity • Animal and plant genetic resources for • Genes, genomes food and agriculture (FAO, ITPGRFA, CGIAR); GMOs/LMOs (Biotech industry); local & indigenous communities • Species, populations, communities • Ecosystems, habitats Microorganisms CBD Plants & animals Habitats • Migratory species (CMS); Red lists (IUCN); endangered species (CITES, GRASP); invasive species (GISP); birds (Birdlife Int’l); keystone species; medicinal plants; Species 2000 (???); WWF, indicator species • Wetlands (Ramsar); Biosphere reserves (UNESCO); hot spots (Conservation Int’l); protected areas (WCPA); forest (CPF); soil biology (TSBF); coral reefs (ICRI); WHC; agroecosystems (UNU, FAO, CGIAR) Biodiversity provides goods and services that underpin sustainable development Services such as • provision of freshwater, • soil conservation and climate stability. Goods such as • food, fiber, fuel • medicines, shelter, building materials • materials for industry: agriculture, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper, horticulture, construction and waste treatment , tourism Biodiversity is also at the heart of many cultural values. CBD Biodiversity is being lost at increasing rates At the genetic level • 75% crop genetic diversity lost in past century At the species level • 20% freshwater fish species are extinct, threatened of endangered in recent decades • 75 % marine fish stocks are depleted, overexploited or at biological limit • 24% mammals and 12% birds threatened At the ecosystem level • 50% wetlands drained • 33% coral reefs destroyed or degraded • Historically, hot spots: 12% of earth’s land; today only 1.4 % • 17 M ha forests are cleared annually in tropics 5-10% forest species can face extinction in 30 years +/- 900 M people affected by biodiversity loss GBO, WRI and WEHAB WG 2002 CBD MA Conceptual Framework The threats must be addressed Scale 3 Scale 2 Scale 1 Primary Drivers Demographic Change Economic Change (incl globalization, trade, market, & policy framework) Social and Political Change (incl governance, institutional, & legal framework) Technological change Lifestyle and Behavioral change Proximate Drivers Demand Wellbeing & Poverty Reduction Health and disease Environmental Security Cultural Security Economic Security Equity Climate Change & Natural disasters Land Use & Cover Change Factor inputs (e.g., irrigation, fertilizers) Pollution Harvest Nutrient Release Species Introductions Ecosystems & their Services Supporting (Biodiversity and ecosystem processes) Provisioning (Food, water, fiber, fuel, other biological products) Enriching (Cultural, aesthetic) = Strategies and Interventions From MA CBD CBD UNEP-WCMC UNDP with Governments of the UK and the Netherlands TNC, Birdlife International and RSPB CBD 2010 - The Global Biodiversity Challenge: Objectives • Understand biodiversity loss and its impacts, and measure the rate of loss • Explore and identify how existing and proposed initiatives for the conservation of biodiversity could address the 2010 target • Explore and identify how to report on progress and achievements CBD The Convention provides an adequate framework and tools for achieving the 2010 biodiversity target • Ratifications • Provisions of the Convention and its Protocol on Biosafety • Decisions of the Conference of the Parties • WSSD Plan of Implementation and relevance of MDGs CBD Convention on Biological Diversity • 1992: UNCED in Rio de Janeiro • 1993 : Entry into force • 187 Contracting Parties • 2002 WSSD in Johannesburg: Support sustainable development and poverty eradication (WEHAB, WSSD Plan of Implementation and Millennium Development Goals) • Objectives: Conservation of biological diversity Sustainable use of biodiversity Fair and equitable sharing of benefits CBD Articles • 42 Articles • The Preamble and Articles 1 to 5 describe the overall aims of the Convention and the context in which the instrument operates • Articles 6 to 20 contain the substantive commitments or promises that Parties have agreed to in ratifying the Convention • Articles 21 to 27 mainly deal with institutional structure and reporting • Article 28 onwards deal with procedural and housekeeping matters, such as amendment of the text of the Convention, adoption of protocols, etc. In addition: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000) CBD Programmes of work and other areas of work Thematic areas ([Programmes of work) Agricultural biodiversity Dry and sub-humid lands Forest biodiversity Inland waters biodiversity Marine and coastal biodiversity Mountain biodiversity [Island biodiversity] CBD Cross cutting issues (]Guidelines) Ecosystem approach Global strategy for plant conservation Protected areas Monitoring and indicators Sustainable use Invasive alien species Article 8(j) Climate change and biodiversity Technology transfer Tourism development Incentive measures Access and benefit sharing Economics and trade Public education and awareness Programmes of work Targeted actions: Conservation, sustainable use, benefit sharing Knowledge, assessment and monitoring CBD Institutional and socioeconomic enabling environment Programmes of work and other areas of work Thematic areas ([Programmes of work) Agricultural biodiversity Dry and sub-humid lands Forest biodiversity Inland waters biodiversity Marine and coastal biodiversity Mountain biodiversity [Island biodiversity] CBD Cross cutting issues (]Guidelines) Ecosystem approach Global strategy for plant conservation Protected areas Monitoring and indicators Sustainable use Invasive alien species Article 8(j) Climate change and biodiversity Technology transfer Tourism development Incentive measures Access and benefit sharing Economics and trade Public education and awareness Ecosystem approach Strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way Humans are an integral component of many ecosystems. Ecosystem = dynamic complex of plants, animals and micro-organisms and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. Adaptive management required to deal with complexity, dynamism and uncertainty Spatial and temporal scale is determined by the problem being addressed. Conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning is priority target to maintain ecosystem goods and services Ecosystem approach is primary framework and could integrate other CBD approaches Global Strategy for Plant Conservation A pilot approach within the context of the Strategic Plan • 16 outcome-oriented global targets for 2010 that can contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable development • National and/or regional targets to be developed and included in NBSAPs, according to national priorities and capacities and regional differences • Development of sub-targets or milestones, • Development of baseline data and indicators • Need for capacity-building and financial resources CBD Objective 1 Understand biodiversity loss and its impacts, and measure the rate of loss Article 7 : • Identification of important components for conservation and sustainable use (Articles 8 to 10) • Monitor in particular those requiring urgent measures and those of greatest potential • Identification of processes and categories of activities having potential adverse impacts • Organization of databases. CBD COP • Assessment of status and trends (UNCCD, CMS, CITES, GBO, GBA, WRI, FRA/FAO, IUCN, WCMC, GMBA, ICRI/GCRMN, GIWA, MA etc.) • Pilot assessments (e.g. invasives) • Rapid assessment methods (inland , marine and coastal biodiversity/ Ramsar, CI etc) • Work on indicators (OECD, CPF) • Guidelines on EIA and SEA (IAIA, Ramsar and IUCN) • Global Taxonomy initiative • Capacity building and funding Objective 2 How ongoing and proposed biodiversity conservation initiatives could address the 2010 target • Art. 8: In-situ conservation • Art. 9: Ex-situ conservation • Art. 10: Sustainable use • Articles 11 to 19: Enabling environment CBD COP • Programme of work and/or guidelines on protected areas (2004)(WCPA, WCMC, CPF, MCPA); hot spots, ecological networks and corridors • Guidelines for invasives (IMO, IPPC, GISP, OIE, IUCN) • Programme of work on Article 8(j) and related provisions • Practical principles and operational guidelines for sustainable use Objective 2 How ongoing and proposed biodiversity conservation initiatives could address the 2010 target • Articles 11 to 19: Enabling environment CBD COP • Incentives • Communication – Education and Public Awareness • Impact assessment • Bonn Guidelines on access to genetic resources • Clearing-house mechanism • Memoranda of understanding/ cooperation • Biosafety Protocol Objective 3 Explore and identify how to report on progress and achievements • Art. 26: Reports: Prepare reports on measures taken and their effectiveness. CBD COP • Country studies • National reports • Thematic reports • Global Biodiversity Outlook CBD = adequate framework Provisions of the Convention and its Protocol on Biosafety • Are the broad commitments for achieving conservation, sustainable use and benefit sharing • Are the broad commitments for achieving the 2010 target • Establish important institutional arrangements and mechanisms CBD CBD = adequate framework Decisions of the Conference of the Parties • • • • • CBD The ecosystem approach The thematic programmes of work Work on cross-cutting issues Lead and other partners WSSD Plan of Implementation and relevance of MDGs Biodiversity Convention - COP decisions World Summit on Sustainable Development Article 6: • National biodiversity strategies and action plans • Sectoral and cross-sectoral integration CBD COP • Strategic plan • Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and 16 targets • Assessment of capacities and financial needs • Synergies and coordination (joint plans and activities) • Integration into poverty eradication and sustainable development strategies Expected output • Achievement of the 3 objectives • Promotion of a common effort towards halting the loss of biodiversity, thus New or strengthened partnerships Mobilization of financial support in particular for capacity building • Report will be submitted to SBSTTA 9 and should be useful to many other stakeholders CBD The Convention on Biological Diversity A framework for meeting the target of significantly reducing the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 CBD