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Ecology
Part1-WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
Ecology- the scientific study of
interactions between organisms
and their environments.
Ecology is a science of relationships
WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY ENVIRONMENT?
The environment is made
up of two factors:
•
Biotic factors- all living
organisms inhabiting the
Earth
• Abiotic factors- nonliving
parts of the environment
(i.e. temperature, soil,
light, moisture, air
currents)
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Biome-regions of the world with similar
abiotic factors (climate:weather,
temperature) & biotic factors (animals and
plants). Examples: Rainforests, Deserts,
Oceans.
Ecosystem - populations in a
community and the abiotic factors
with which they interact (ex.
marine, terrestrial)
Community - several interacting
populations that inhabit a common
environment and are interdependent.
POPULATION
 a group of organisms of
one species living in the
same place at the same
time that interbreed
Produce fertile offspring
Compete with each other
for resources (food,
mates, shelter, etc.)
Organism - any unicellular or
multicellular form exhibiting all of the
characteristics of life, an individual.
VIDEO RECAP:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ed
KhQVHc3Ao
ECOLOGY Part 2: Roles that
organisms play within their
environment
EQ:
1. .What are the different
roles that an organism can
have in their environment?
2. What kinds of
relationships do organisms
have with each other?
Habitat vs. Niche
Niche - the role a species plays in
a community; its total way of life
Habitat- the place in which an
organism lives out its life
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Q5Vl4V24eNI&list=UU6a7JghQc
25EsD65r5h4Amw
Habitat vs. Niche
A niche is determined by the
tolerance limitations of an
organism, or a limiting factor.
Limiting factor- any biotic or
abiotic factor that restricts the
existence of organisms in a
specific environment.
Habitat vs. Niche
Examples of limiting factors •Amount of water
•Amount of food
•Temperature
•Amount of space
•Availability of mates
Feeding Relationships
•
There are 3 main types of feeding
relationships
1. Producer - Consumer
2. Predator - Prey
3. Parasite - Host
Feeding Relationships
Producer- all
autotrophs (plants),
they trap energy
from the sun
• Bottom of the food
chain
Feeding Relationships
Consumer- all heterotrophs: they
ingest other organisms
Examples: Herbivores,
Carnivores, Omnivores,
Decomposers
Feeding Relationships
Herbivores- eat plants.
Carnivores-eat meat
• Predators
– Hunt prey
animals for food.
• Scavengers
– Feed on carrion, dead animals
Feeding Relationships
Omnivores -eat both plants and animals
Feeding Relationships
Decomposers
• Breakdown the
complex compounds
of dead and
decaying plants and
animals into simpler
molecules that can
be absorbed
Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis- two species living together
3 Types of
symbiosis:
1. Commensalism
2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism
Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalismone species benefits
and the other is
neither harmed nor
helped
Ex1; Plants (epiphytes)
on trees.
Ehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M
xpa6gPIbLEx. orchids on a tree
Symbiotic Relationships
CommensalismEx2. polar bears and
cyanobacteria
Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitismone species benefits (parasite) and
the other is harmed (host)
• Parasite-Host relationship
Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism- parasite-host
Ex. lampreys,
leeches, fleas,
ticks, tapeworm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SYhOD1Yx10
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNXYGpxuvNY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMG-LWyNcAs
Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualismbeneficial to
both species
Ex 1. cleaning
birds
Symbiotic Relationships
Ex2: Cleaner Fish
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOC2Qc2Qedw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOa8y95khK8
Type of
Species
relationship
harmed
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism
= 1 species
Species
benefits
Species
neutral
VIDEO RECAP:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ed
KhQVHc3Ao
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS
mL2F1t81Q
Trophic Levels
EQs:
• What are Trophic Levels?
• What is the difference
between a food chain and a
food web?
Trophic Levels
• Each link in a food chain is known
as a trophic level.
• Trophic levels represent a feeding
step in the transfer of energy
and matter in an ecosystem.
Trophic Levels
Biomass- the amount of Biotic matter in
an area.
• As you move up a food chain, both
available energy and biomass
decrease.
• Energy is transferred upwards but is
diminished with each transfer.
E
N
E
R
G
Y
Trophic Levels
Tertiary
consumers- top
carnivores
Secondary consumerssmall carnivores
Primary consumers- Herbivores
Producers- Autotrophs
Trophic Levels
Food chain- simple model that
shows how matter and energy
move through an ecosystem
Trophic Levels
Food web- shows all possible
feeding relationships in a
community at each trophic level
• Represents a network of
interconnected food chains
Stop and think
• Fill in the blanks to create a
food chain found in
Washington.
Food chain
(just 1 path of energy)
Food web
(all possible energy paths)
Videos
•
•
•
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWh-XKhh8xo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCHdhXMFhcU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUZkWZ12A8s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvZlooi5_kE
BioGeoChemical Cycles
(Nutrient cycles)
EQs:
1-How does matter cycle through an
ecosystem?
2- What are 3 important
biogeochemical cycles?
BioGeoChemical Cycles
Cycling maintains homeostasis
(balance) in the environment.
•3 cycles to investigate:
1. Water cycle
2. Carbon cycle
3. Nitrogen cycle
1) Water cycle-
Is also known as the
hydrologic cycle or the H2O
cycle. It describes the
continuous movement of water
on, above and below the
surface of the Earth
Water cycle-
It has 4 main steps:
•Evaporation, transpiration,
condensation, precipitation
Water cycle-
2) Carbon cycle-
All living things are made of
carbon. Carbon is also a part
of the ocean, air, and even
rocks. Carbon flows between
the atmosphere, land, and
ocean in a cycle that
encompasses nearly all life
and sets the thermostat for
Earth's climate.
Carbon cycle-
Photosynthesis,
consumption, respiration,
and decomposition are the
processes that move carbon
and through the
environment.
CARBON CYCLE
Carbon Cycle- another example
3) Nitrogen cycleAtmospheric nitrogen (N2) makes
up nearly 78%-80% of air.
Organisms can not use it in that
form.
Bacteria converts nitrogen into
usable forms, or “fixes” it.
Nitrogen cycleNitrogen fixation-When ___________
converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2)
into ammonium (NH4+) which can be
used to make amino acids which
combine to make Proteins.
DNA is made of Amino acids and all
organisms need proteins for growth
and repair.
Nitrogen cycle-
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria is
very important in the
nitrogen cycle because it
makes nitrogen usable by
plants which can then be
eaten by animals.
Nitrogen Cycle
Vidoes
•
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CARBON:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrIr3xDhQ0E
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Jp1D1dzxj8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Vwa6qtEih8
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NITROGEN:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DP24BceOwt8&list=TLOuTH955iE1TqviFC3J_O2bJ8BXRtwmvX
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vypXvv58700
•
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WATER:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9Yi4dAzHsc&list=PL88C2F8D87EC2EAAE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_c0ZzZfC8c&list=PL88C2F8D87EC2EAAE&index=3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=372K0jyO0hQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDyPkjQxkas
•
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ALL:
http://www.bozemanscience.com/biogeochemical-cycling
Videos en espanol
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Agua:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QPlLOlJ7a0
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C, N & P
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOfI8lQAh98&list=PL8C1FCC26AAD0834D