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Test Review YOU CAN DO IT!!!! YES U CAN Bacteria • Can be good • Can be bad• • • • Is a prokaryote NO NUCLEUS no organelles Divides by binary fission The first life form on earth They know how to mutate, adapt and survive. Good bacteria • • • • • • • Maintain the balance in the living world Life can not continue without them Decomposer dead matter to make it into nutrients for producers Breaks down sewage Converts nitrogen gas into a usable fertilizer-nitrogen fixation Can be mutated to produce things like oil eating bacteria to eat up oil spills Helps break down food-digestion Used in genetic engineering- makes new drugs etc BAD BACTERIA Bacteria is a prokaryote No nucleus nO organelles Bad bacteria can kill you too many of them in the wrong place at the wrong time Can YES be killed by ANTOBIOTICS causes infections Strept Staph Botulism virus • Not alive so it can not be killed • Can reproduce and live only by invading a living cell • Takes over the nucleus and uses its mechanisms to produce and stay alive • Composed of a core of DNA or RNA • And a protein coat called a capsid • Viral lytic infection-invades and then makes it burst-kills it after it uses it • Viral lysogenic infection • Makes copies of it forever-makes it it’s slave • Retrovirus- RNA not DNA goes back into the nucleus and keeps replicating itself • Never can die • Cancer, HIV, herpes, polio, warts, west nile, • Chicken pox, hepatitis A<B<C Bacteriophages • Viruses that invade bacteria • Can make you VERY sick • Causes secondary infections after a viral infection Immune system • 1st line of defense-skin • 2nd-non specific inflammatory response – Fever – White blood cells • 3d very specific response – Makes antibodies to remember for the next time. Specific response • Antigen- substance that triggers a -response a foreigner – 2 types of lymphocytes • • • • • B cells- from BONE works of antigen in body fluids T cells –from THYMUS GLAND works on abnormal cells and living cells low in HIV It’s what HIV virus attacks Antigens • An antigen is a protein marker that a pathogen (virus or bacteria). • White blood cells can identify them to help fight them. Antibody • Part of the immune system that binds to antigens to help kill them • Has binding sites at the ends of the Y Antibodies • Binds to a antigen • A protein that helps destroy pathogens • About 100 million in a healthy human Antibiotic • • • • • Kill bacteria Nothing kills a virus Not EVER EVER They are immortal Though a lot of them are weak and do not livelong anyway • like a little cold • Acquired immunity • once you get certain disease you make antibodies and you can not get it again. • Vaccination-a weakened form of a pathogen that is injected into a body to produce immunity • Like for measles, hepatitis, HPV. Immune system #1 SKIN OH NO SOMETHING GOT IN #2 NON SPECIFIC RESPONSE Basic siple general resonse FEVER, SWELLING INFECTION MAKES ANTIGEN SORT OF LIKE A MEMORY MARKER #3 VERY SPECIFIC RESPONSE –BODYMAKES ANTIBODIES TO REMEMBER IF THE –INFECTION COMES IN AGAIN http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bm4YS293qh4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcEn7p6CKfE&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/user/BrainPOPUK?blend=23&ob=5#p/u/2/6J2ftrIdGnE HIV • • • • • • HIV name of virus AIDS- name of disease Acquired immune deficiency Disease Kills T cells Weakens entire body People with AIDS die because they can not fight off new infections • You can stay alive with HIV if you take VERY good cae of your self HIV THE HIV VIRUS IS IN YOUR BLOOD AND IN YOUR YOUR SEX FLUIDS SPERM, EVEN PRE EJACULTE FLUID VAGINAL FLUIDS BUT NOT IN YOUR SALIVA Mutations • Inheritable changes in the dna • Is the ultimate source of genetic variation • Genetic variation is a good thing • Provides more choices for survival LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • • • • • Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism »Dna lives in the nucleus »IT CAN NEVER EVER LEAVE • Mitosis- somatic cells- diploid • 2 exactly identical daughters • Meiosis-sex cells gametes - Haploid\\ • Makes 4 genetically unique cells • • • • 22 somatic cells 1 x or 1 y Female 22 + x x Male 22 + xy • Asexual reproduction • • • • Mostly in plantsVegetative reproduction Strawberries end runners out Divide through mitosis genetically identical • Mitochondria =ENERGY = ATP movement • • • • Diffusion high to low Osmosis-high to low of water Passive transport still across a membrane Facilitated Diffusion high to low thru a membrane using a carrier membrane • All use o • no 0 energy Active transport • Low to high • Needs energy Natural selection • Does not work directly on genes • Works on the entire organism • Populations change not individuals evolution • Change over time in the frequencies of the alleles in a population • Survival of the best alleles • The more variation in a gene pool the more likely the population can survive • Changes in the environment • Affects the PHENOTYPE • thru the genotype lungs • Lung breath • Exchange of C02 to O2 heart • Pumps blood • Has valves that keep blood moving in th correct direction • Make the lub dub sound • Work with the lungs to bring old c02 • Carries fresh 02 blood to the body What is the difference • DNA RNA • Guanine Guanine • Thymine Uracil • Cytosine Cytosine • Adenine Adenine • Double helix single strand De oxyribose sugar ribose sugar Sugar and phosphate bonds Dna lives in the nucleus And can never leave Scientific method • Theory- an explanation to a scientific • conclusion that has not been unproven • And has been proven over time • Hypothesis- an educated intelligent guess to a scientific question RNA • mRNA messenger RNA – Takes the message of DNA out of the nucleus in to the cytoplasm – Transcription- takes place into the nucleus – rRNA- forms ribosomes- travel on endoplasmic reticulum where they make proteins – tRNa- transfer RNA- brings the nucleotides (GCUA)floating around the cytoplasm to the ribosomes so they can make amino acids into proteins Endocrine Glands • Help the nervous system control the body and maintain homeostasis • Many glands- thyroid, breasts, hypothalamus, pituitary , ovary, adrenal Adrenal • Live on top of the kidney • help the body deal with stress • “fight or flight” • Help the body use all of it’s energy to deal with a sudden stress • Make the hormone adrenaline and epinephrine Nervous system • Helps the body communicate with itself and with the outside world • Respond • Send signals • Sensory nerves pick up the message and send it to the central nervous system • The Motor nerves send the message from the spinal cord or brain to the body to respond Reflex Arc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx--f9Y8wjg&NR=1 tp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yeGyUXywnFI • Plants breathe out O2 and breathe in CO2 • Animals breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2 • Animals breathe in the 02 with their lungs • (respiratory system) • The lungs connect with the blood which goes through the heart so the o2 travels all over the body in the blood. Then it collects • all of the debris in the CO2 and send back to heart ands then the lungs and then you breathe it out. Homeostasis How the body keeps everything the same all of the time. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4Xi1R_pJKU&playnext=1&list=PL3F17F0D24B2075E8 Enzymes Protein substances that start or speed up a reaction • Based on pH (very small range 6-7) • temperature 97.8 • very specific site (lock and key) • lower the reaction rate • (activatiaton rate) • mitochondria • • • • • • Make and store energy Break down glucose Stores it as ATP adenosine tri phosphate Has it’s own DNA Inherited from your mother Plants have mitochondria and chloroplasts Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts have chlorophill a – green pigment • Which absorbs the light • Then it makes energy out of it • which is stored as glucose and ATP zygote • Egg + sperm -> zygote • gametes • Haploid + haploid -> diploid • Zygote-embryo-fetus-baby reproduction • • • • Bacteria- binary fission-asexual Gametes-meiosis Autosomes- mitosis Some plants send out runners to reproduce-asexual • Sexual reproduction must have a sperm and egg • Virus must use the invaded host phenotype • Genotype- gene pool • Phenotype- physical expression • Evolutionary mutation always affects the phenotype heterozygous • A fatal recessive allele (ff)will always stay alive in a population because it will be carried in the heterozygous alleles (Ff) • It keeps the traits alive Mendel's laws * Law of Independent assortment– Inheritance of traits is independent of each other – Blue eyes and black hair are not inherited together – *Law of Segregation- two alleles separate when gametes are formed – Mother and father alleles separate Dominance- Dominant rules* ecology • The strength of an ecosystem is based on the ability of the producers to make energy and the • Decomposers to break down dead matter – To return the energy to the food web/chain – *Detrivores eat dead stuff--vultures 10% rule • In an energy pyramid, every level up losses 90% of the energy as heat--• So only 10% is usable Nucleic acids-> DNA-> amino acid-> protein-> everything alive 56. Which body systems work together most directly with the digestive system to send messages that the body needs food? a. b. c. d. pituitary and skeletal nervous and endocrine muscular and circulatory endocrine and immune b. nervous and endocrine MUTATATIONS mutations can provide genetic diversity they are not always lethal or bad Mutation is how changes happen It is how a species makes the changes it needs Mutation always works on the phenotype That is what needs to change ( longer necks, darker wings, drought resistant plants diversity creates more survival likelihood The more choices the better Reflex arc Stimulus->sensory neuron->interneuron->motor neuron->response The Interneuron's relay signals between The sensory neuron and the motor neuron • Which of these organisms are most helpful in preventing Earth from being covered with the bodies of dead organisms? • A. herbivores • B. producers • C. parasites and viruses • D. Fungi and bacteria • D. fungi and bacteria are decompsers • Which of these would have the least effect on natural selection in a subspecies of giraffes that is geographically isolated from the other subspecies of giraffes? • A. available niches • B. existing predators • C. chromosome number • D. available food resources • C chromosome number » In carrier pigeons there is a rare inherited » condition that causes the death of the chicks before hatching. In order for this disease to be passed from generation to generation there must be parent birds that • • • • A are heterozygous for the disease. B have the disease themselves. C produce new mutations for this disease. D are closely interbred • A are heterozygous for the disease. A genetic disorder due to a recessive allele (a) is lethal in homozygous individuals (aa), whereas heterozygous individuals (Aa) have no symptoms. Based on this information, which of the following is likely to result? » A The disorder will quickly be eliminated since no recessive homozygotes will survive to reproduce. » B The disorder will be maintained in the population through the reproduction of heterozygotes. » C Only homozygous dominant (AA) individuals will survive » D The prevalence of the disorder will increase over time. • A The disorder will quickly be eliminated since no recessive homozygotes will survive to reproduce » Mutations within a DNA sequence are » A natural processes that produce genetic diversity. » B natural processes that always affect the phenotype. » C unnatural processes that always affect the phenotype. » D unnatural processes that are harmful to genetic diversity. • A natural processes that produce genetic diversity » Which of these best illustrates natural » selection? » A An organism with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive and breed successfully. » B A population monopolizes all of the resources in its habitat, forcing other species to migrate. » C A community whose members work together utilizes all existing resources and migratory routes. » D The largest organisms in a species receive the only breeding opportunities •A An organism with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive and breed successfully. » A species of finch has been studied on one of the geographically isolated Galapagos Islands for many years. Since the island is small, the lineage of every bird for several generations is known. This allows a family tree of each bird to be developed. Some family groups have survived and others have died out. The groups that survive probably have » A interbred with other species. » B inherited some advantageous variations. » C found new places on the island to live » D been attacked by more predators • B inherited some advantageous variations. » A population of termites initially consists of darkly colored and brightly colored members. After several generations, the termite population consists almost entirely of darkly colored members because the brightly colored termites are easier for a predatory species of insectivores to locate. This situation is an example of » A the evolution of a new species » .B natural selection. » C artificial selection. » D adaptive radiation. • B natural selection. » Earth has undergone some catastrophic » changes from time to time. Which of these most likely explains why life on Earth continued following these catastrophes? » A Dominant species had a slow mutation rate » .B Many species filled the same niche. » C A strong species had many different » characteristics. » D A wide diversity of species existed » D A wide diversity of species existed » A small population of chimpanzees lives in a » habitat that undergoes no changes for a long period. How will genetic drift probably affect this population? – A It will accelerate the appearance of new traits. – B It will promote the survival of chimpanzees with beneficial traits. – C It will increase the number of alleles for specific traits. – D It will reduce genetic diversity. – D It will reduce genetic diversity. » A small portion of a population that is » geographically isolated from the rest of the population runs the risk of decreased » A genetic drift. » B mutation rate. » C natural selection » .D genetic variation. » D genetic variation. » A single species of squirrel evolved over time » into two species, each on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon. This change was most likely due to » A higher mutation rates on one side. » B low genetic diversity in the initial population. » C the isolation of the two groups. » D differences in reproductive rates. • C the isolation of the two groups. » If a paleontologist finds fossils of many » different species existing in the same area » at approximately the same time, the paleontologist can conclude that the ecosystem in this area had a high degree of A climatic variation. B episodic speciation. C biological diversity. D geographic isolation. • C biological diversity » The homeostatic mechanism in humans that regulates blood pH depends on the feedback of » information from » A stretch receptors » B chemical receptors. » C hormone receptors » .D thermal receptors • B chemical receptors » » » » » » A signal that the bladder is full is sent to the central nervous system by A feedback loops. B sensory neurons. C nephron tubules D receptor proteins. • B sensory neurons » Fossil evidence suggests that a number of » members of one fish species from an ancient lake in Death Valley, California, became several isolated species. Each of these new species lived in a different pond. Which of the following best explains the cause of this speciation? » A episodic isolation » B temporal isolation » C geographic isolation » D behavioral isolation • C geographic isolation » Which of the following is a function of the nervous system? » A releasing ATP into contracting muscle tissues » B signaling muscle tissues to contract » C producing lactic acid in fatigued muscle tissues » D increasing cellular respiration in muscle tissues » B signaling muscle tissues to contract Based only on the sex chromosomes in typical human egg and sperm cells at fertilization, the probability of producing a female is A 25%. B 50%. C 75%. D 90%33 B 50%. Fur color in cats is controlled by an autosomal gene that can occur in the dominant form, (B), or the recessive form, (b). The length of the catís fur is controlled by another autosomal gene that occurs in the dominant form, (S), or the recessive form, (s). The table below shows the traits for these allele codes. Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells have only one factor for each inherited trait. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that A haploid cells are produced by mitosis. B diploid cells are produced by mitosis. C haploid cells are produced by meiosis. D diploid cells are produced by meiosis. C haploid cells are produced by meiosis. A small portion of a population that is geographically isolated from the rest of the population runs the risk of decreased A genetic drift. B mutation rate. C natural selection. D genetic variation. D genetic variation. 1.In a eukaryotic cell for mRNA to be translated into protein a. dna must be replicated b. the mRNA must replicate itself c. a ribosome must bind to the endoplasmic reticulum d. the mRNA must be transported to the ribosome d. the mRNA must be transported to the ribosome Ribosome\\\has genetic information Made in the nucleolus ribosome factory 3 types On the rer rough endoplasmic reticulum-protein factory Protein factory What are the properties and functions of the Cell membrane Made up of phospholipids Heads and tails Semi permeable Protein channels for big stuff Chon Carbon, Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen The main elements that make up everything alive. Tubes in the body Arteries o2 blood Veins co2 blood Lymph wbc immune Tendons attaches muscles to bones Muscle attached to bones to move the body Nerves communication network CNS-brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body Photosynthesis Light synthesis-Putting together light Process that converts light energy into chemical energy E of the SUN + CO2 + H20 sugar + O2 The actual formula is 6 CO2 6 carbon dioxide + 6H20 + 6 water C6 H12 O6 + 6 02 light sugar energy + 6 oxygen Photosynthesis ultimately clean all of the toxins out of the atmosphere Survival of a species has to do with a high population and high variation Lots of people bigger gene pool to pick from’ more choices more variation, Better chance of survival Rocks tell about the earth’s history Decomposers bacteria, fungi earthworms Keep everything broken down and back into the circle of life Biotic=life Abiotic not life--rocks water, dirt Plants have cell membranes and cell walls and vacuoles and chloroplasts 4 macromolecules of life The building blocks that everything is made of Protein Carbohydrates Fats (lipids or triglycerides) Nucleic Acids--DNA cgat cgau Heterozygous both the same Homozygous--both are different