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Test Review
YOU CAN DO IT!!!!
YES U CAN
Bacteria
• Can be good • Can be bad•
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Is a prokaryote NO NUCLEUS no organelles
Divides by binary fission
The first life form on earth
They know how to mutate, adapt and survive.
Good bacteria
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Maintain the balance in the living world
Life can not continue without them
Decomposer dead matter to make it into
nutrients for producers
Breaks down sewage
Converts nitrogen gas into a usable
fertilizer-nitrogen fixation
Can be mutated to produce things like oil eating
bacteria to eat up oil spills
Helps break down food-digestion
Used in genetic engineering- makes new drugs
etc
BAD BACTERIA
Bacteria is a prokaryote
No nucleus nO organelles
Bad bacteria can kill you
too many of them in the
wrong place at the wrong time
Can YES be killed by ANTOBIOTICS
causes infections
Strept
Staph
Botulism
virus
• Not alive so it can not be killed
• Can reproduce and live only by invading a
living cell
• Takes over the nucleus and uses its
mechanisms to produce and stay alive
• Composed of a core of DNA or RNA
• And a protein coat called a capsid
• Viral lytic infection-invades and then makes it burst-kills it
after it uses it
• Viral lysogenic infection
• Makes copies of it forever-makes it it’s slave
• Retrovirus- RNA not DNA goes back into the nucleus
and keeps replicating itself
• Never can die
• Cancer, HIV, herpes, polio, warts, west nile,
• Chicken pox, hepatitis A<B<C
Bacteriophages
• Viruses that invade bacteria
• Can make you VERY sick
• Causes secondary infections after a viral
infection
Immune system
• 1st line of defense-skin
• 2nd-non specific inflammatory response
– Fever
– White blood cells
• 3d very specific response
– Makes antibodies to remember for the next time.
Specific response
• Antigen- substance that triggers a
-response a foreigner
– 2 types of lymphocytes
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B cells- from BONE works of antigen in body fluids
T cells –from THYMUS GLAND
works on abnormal cells and living cells
low in HIV
It’s what HIV virus attacks
Antigens
• An antigen is a protein marker that a
pathogen (virus or bacteria).
• White blood cells can identify them to help
fight them.
Antibody
• Part of the immune system that binds to
antigens to help kill them
• Has binding sites at the ends of the Y
Antibodies
• Binds to a antigen
• A protein that helps destroy pathogens
• About 100 million in a healthy human
Antibiotic
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Kill bacteria
Nothing kills a virus
Not EVER EVER
They are immortal
Though a lot of them are weak and do not
livelong anyway
• like a little cold
• Acquired immunity
• once you get certain disease you make
antibodies and you can not get it again.
• Vaccination-a weakened form of a
pathogen that is injected into a body to
produce immunity
• Like for measles, hepatitis, HPV.
Immune system
#1
SKIN
OH NO SOMETHING GOT IN
#2
NON SPECIFIC RESPONSE
Basic siple general resonse
FEVER, SWELLING
INFECTION MAKES ANTIGEN
SORT OF LIKE A MEMORY MARKER
#3
VERY SPECIFIC RESPONSE
–BODYMAKES ANTIBODIES TO REMEMBER IF THE
–INFECTION COMES IN AGAIN
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bm4YS293qh4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcEn7p6CKfE&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/user/BrainPOPUK?blend=23&ob=5#p/u/2/6J2ftrIdGnE
HIV
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HIV name of virus
AIDS- name of disease
Acquired immune deficiency Disease
Kills T cells
Weakens entire body
People with AIDS die because they can not fight
off new infections
• You can stay alive with HIV if you take VERY
good cae of your self
HIV
THE HIV VIRUS IS IN YOUR BLOOD
AND IN YOUR
YOUR SEX FLUIDS
SPERM, EVEN PRE EJACULTE FLUID
VAGINAL FLUIDS
BUT NOT IN YOUR SALIVA
Mutations
• Inheritable changes in the dna
• Is the ultimate source of genetic variation
• Genetic variation is a good thing
• Provides more choices for survival
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
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Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
»Dna lives in the nucleus
»IT CAN NEVER EVER
LEAVE
• Mitosis- somatic cells- diploid
• 2 exactly identical daughters
• Meiosis-sex cells gametes - Haploid\\
• Makes 4 genetically unique cells
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22 somatic cells
1 x or 1 y
Female 22 + x x
Male 22 + xy
• Asexual reproduction
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Mostly in plantsVegetative reproduction
Strawberries end runners out
Divide through mitosis genetically identical
• Mitochondria
=ENERGY
= ATP
movement
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Diffusion high to low
Osmosis-high to low of water
Passive transport still across a membrane
Facilitated Diffusion high to low thru a
membrane using a carrier membrane
• All use o
• no 0 energy
Active transport
• Low to high
• Needs energy
Natural selection
• Does not work directly on genes
• Works on the entire organism
• Populations change not individuals
evolution
• Change over time in the frequencies of the
alleles in a population
• Survival of the best alleles
• The more variation in a gene pool the more
likely the population can survive
• Changes in the environment
• Affects the PHENOTYPE
• thru the genotype
lungs
• Lung breath
• Exchange of C02 to O2
heart
• Pumps blood
• Has valves that keep blood moving in th
correct direction
• Make the lub dub sound
• Work with the lungs to bring old c02
• Carries fresh 02 blood to the body
What is the difference
• DNA
RNA
• Guanine
Guanine
• Thymine
Uracil
• Cytosine
Cytosine
• Adenine
Adenine
• Double helix
single strand
De oxyribose sugar
ribose sugar
Sugar and phosphate bonds
Dna lives in the nucleus
And can never leave
Scientific method
• Theory- an explanation to a scientific
•
conclusion that has not been unproven
• And has been proven over time
• Hypothesis- an educated intelligent
guess to a scientific question
RNA
• mRNA messenger RNA
– Takes the message of DNA out of the nucleus in to
the cytoplasm
– Transcription- takes place into the nucleus
– rRNA- forms ribosomes- travel on endoplasmic
reticulum where they make proteins
– tRNa- transfer RNA- brings the nucleotides
(GCUA)floating around the cytoplasm to the
ribosomes so they can make amino acids into
proteins
Endocrine Glands
• Help the nervous system control the body
and maintain homeostasis
• Many glands- thyroid, breasts,
hypothalamus, pituitary , ovary, adrenal
Adrenal
• Live on top of the kidney
• help the body deal with stress
• “fight or flight”
• Help the body use all of it’s energy to deal
with a sudden stress
• Make the hormone adrenaline and
epinephrine
Nervous system
• Helps the body communicate with itself
and with the outside world
• Respond
• Send signals
• Sensory nerves pick up the message and
send it to the central nervous system
• The Motor nerves send the message from
the spinal cord or brain to the body to
respond
Reflex Arc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx--f9Y8wjg&NR=1
tp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yeGyUXywnFI
• Plants breathe out O2 and breathe in CO2
• Animals breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2
• Animals breathe in the 02 with their lungs
• (respiratory system)
• The lungs connect with the blood which goes
through the heart so the o2 travels all over the
body in the blood. Then it collects
• all of the debris in the CO2 and send back to
heart ands then the lungs and then you breathe
it out.
Homeostasis
How the body keeps everything the same all of the time.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4Xi1R_pJKU&playnext=1&list=PL3F17F0D24B2075E8
Enzymes
Protein substances that start or speed up a
reaction
• Based on pH (very small range 6-7)
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temperature 97.8
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very specific site (lock and key)
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lower the reaction rate
• (activatiaton rate)
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mitochondria
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Make and store energy
Break down glucose
Stores it as ATP adenosine tri phosphate
Has it’s own DNA
Inherited from your mother
Plants have mitochondria and chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts have chlorophill a
– green pigment
• Which absorbs the light
• Then it makes energy out of it
• which is stored as glucose and ATP
zygote
• Egg + sperm -> zygote
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gametes
• Haploid + haploid -> diploid
• Zygote-embryo-fetus-baby
reproduction
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Bacteria- binary fission-asexual
Gametes-meiosis
Autosomes- mitosis
Some plants send out runners to
reproduce-asexual
• Sexual reproduction must have a sperm
and egg
• Virus must use the invaded host
phenotype
• Genotype- gene pool
• Phenotype- physical expression
• Evolutionary mutation always affects the
phenotype
heterozygous
• A fatal recessive allele (ff)will always stay
alive in a population because it will be
carried in the heterozygous alleles (Ff)
• It keeps the traits alive
Mendel's laws
* Law of Independent assortment– Inheritance of traits is independent of each
other
– Blue eyes and black hair are not inherited
together
– *Law of Segregation- two alleles separate
when gametes are formed
– Mother and father alleles separate
Dominance- Dominant rules*
ecology
• The strength of an ecosystem is based on
the ability of the producers to make energy
and the
• Decomposers to break down dead matter
– To return the energy to the food web/chain
– *Detrivores eat dead stuff--vultures
10% rule
• In an energy pyramid, every level up
losses 90% of the energy as heat--• So only 10% is usable
Nucleic acids-> DNA-> amino acid-> protein-> everything alive
56. Which body systems work together most directly
with the digestive system to send messages that the body needs food?
a.
b.
c.
d.
pituitary and skeletal
nervous and endocrine
muscular and circulatory
endocrine and immune
b.
nervous and endocrine
MUTATATIONS
mutations can provide genetic diversity they are not always lethal or bad
Mutation is how changes happen
It is how a species makes the changes it needs
Mutation always works on the phenotype
That is what needs to change
( longer necks, darker wings, drought resistant plants
diversity creates more survival likelihood
The more choices the better
Reflex arc
Stimulus->sensory neuron->interneuron->motor neuron->response
The Interneuron's relay signals between
The sensory neuron and the motor neuron
• Which of these organisms are most helpful
in preventing Earth from being covered
with the bodies of dead organisms?
• A. herbivores
• B. producers
• C. parasites and viruses
• D. Fungi and bacteria
• D. fungi and bacteria are decompsers
• Which of these would have the least effect
on natural selection in a subspecies of
giraffes that is geographically isolated from
the other subspecies of giraffes?
• A. available niches
• B. existing predators
• C. chromosome number
• D. available food resources
• C chromosome number
» In carrier pigeons there is a rare inherited
» condition that causes the death of the
chicks before hatching. In order for this
disease to be passed from generation to
generation there must be parent birds that
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A are heterozygous for the disease.
B have the disease themselves.
C produce new mutations for this disease.
D are closely interbred
• A are heterozygous for the disease.
A genetic disorder due to a recessive allele
(a) is lethal in homozygous individuals
(aa), whereas heterozygous individuals
(Aa) have no symptoms. Based on this
information, which of the following is
likely to result?
» A The disorder will quickly be eliminated
since no recessive homozygotes will survive
to reproduce.
» B The disorder will be maintained in the
population through the reproduction of
heterozygotes.
» C Only homozygous dominant (AA)
individuals will survive
» D The prevalence of the disorder will
increase over time.
• A The disorder will quickly be
eliminated since no recessive
homozygotes will survive to
reproduce
» Mutations within a DNA sequence are
» A natural processes that produce genetic
diversity.
» B natural processes that always affect the
phenotype.
» C unnatural processes that always affect the
phenotype.
» D unnatural processes that are harmful to
genetic diversity.
• A natural processes that produce
genetic diversity
» Which of these best illustrates natural
» selection?
» A An organism with favorable genetic
variations will tend to survive and breed
successfully.
» B A population monopolizes all of the
resources in its habitat, forcing other species
to migrate.
» C A community whose members work
together utilizes all existing resources and
migratory routes.
» D The largest organisms in a species receive
the only breeding opportunities
•A An organism with favorable
genetic variations will tend to
survive and breed successfully.
» A species of finch has been studied on one
of the geographically isolated Galapagos
Islands for many years. Since the island is
small, the lineage of every bird for several
generations is known. This allows a family
tree of each bird to be developed. Some
family groups have survived and others
have died out. The groups that survive
probably have
» A interbred with other species.
» B inherited some advantageous variations.
» C found new places on the island to live
» D been attacked by more predators
• B inherited some advantageous
variations.
» A population of termites initially consists
of darkly colored and brightly colored
members. After several generations, the
termite population consists almost entirely
of darkly colored members because the
brightly colored termites are easier for a
predatory species of insectivores to locate.
This situation is an example of
» A the evolution of a new species
» .B natural selection.
» C artificial selection.
» D adaptive radiation.
• B natural selection.
» Earth has undergone some catastrophic
» changes from time to time. Which of these
most likely explains why life on Earth
continued following these catastrophes?
» A Dominant species had a slow mutation
rate
» .B Many species filled the same niche.
» C A strong species had many different
» characteristics.
» D A wide diversity of species existed
» D A wide diversity of species existed
» A small population of chimpanzees lives
in a
» habitat that undergoes no changes for a
long period. How will genetic drift
probably affect this population?
– A It will accelerate the appearance of new
traits.
– B It will promote the survival of chimpanzees
with beneficial traits.
– C It will increase the number of alleles for
specific traits.
– D It will reduce genetic diversity.
– D It will reduce genetic diversity.
» A small portion of a population that is
» geographically isolated from the rest of the
population runs the risk of decreased
» A genetic drift.
» B mutation rate.
» C natural selection
» .D genetic variation.
» D genetic variation.
» A single species of squirrel evolved over time
» into two species, each on opposite sides of the
Grand Canyon. This change was most likely due
to
» A higher mutation rates on one side.
» B low genetic diversity in the initial population.
» C the isolation of the two groups.
» D differences in reproductive rates.
• C the isolation of the two groups.
» If a paleontologist finds fossils of many
» different species existing in the same
area
» at approximately the same time, the
paleontologist can conclude that the
ecosystem in this area had a high degree
of
A climatic variation.
B episodic speciation.
C biological diversity.
D geographic isolation.
• C biological diversity
» The homeostatic mechanism in humans
that regulates blood pH depends on the
feedback of
» information from
» A stretch receptors
» B chemical receptors.
» C hormone receptors
» .D thermal receptors
• B chemical receptors
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A signal that the bladder is full is sent to the
central nervous system by
A feedback loops.
B sensory neurons.
C nephron tubules
D receptor proteins.
• B sensory neurons
» Fossil evidence suggests that a number of
» members of one fish species from an
ancient lake in Death Valley, California,
became several isolated species. Each of
these new species lived in a different
pond. Which of the following best
explains the cause of this speciation?
» A episodic isolation
» B temporal isolation
» C geographic isolation
» D behavioral isolation
• C geographic isolation
» Which of the following is a function of
the nervous system?
» A releasing ATP into contracting muscle
tissues
» B signaling muscle tissues to contract
» C producing lactic acid in fatigued muscle
tissues
» D increasing cellular respiration in muscle
tissues
» B signaling muscle tissues to contract
Based only on the sex chromosomes
in typical human egg and sperm cells at
fertilization, the probability of
producing a female is
A 25%.
B 50%.
C 75%.
D 90%33
B 50%.
Fur color in cats is controlled by an
autosomal gene that can occur in the
dominant form, (B),
or the recessive form, (b).
The length of the catís fur is controlled
by another autosomal gene that occurs
in the dominant form, (S), or the recessive form,
(s). The table below shows the traits for
these allele codes.
􏰀 Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cells have
only one factor for each inherited trait. This hypothesis is supported
by the observation that
A haploid cells are produced by mitosis.
B diploid cells are produced by mitosis.
C haploid cells are produced by meiosis.
D diploid cells are produced by meiosis.
C haploid cells are produced by meiosis.
A small portion of a population that is geographically
isolated from the rest of the population runs the risk of decreased
A genetic drift.
B mutation rate.
C natural selection.
D genetic variation.
D genetic variation.
1.In a eukaryotic cell for mRNA to be translated into protein
a. dna must be replicated
b. the mRNA must replicate itself
c. a ribosome must bind to the
endoplasmic reticulum
d. the mRNA must be transported
to the ribosome
d. the mRNA must be transported to the ribosome
Ribosome\\\has genetic information
Made in the nucleolus ribosome factory
3 types
On the rer rough endoplasmic reticulum-protein factory
Protein factory
What are the properties and functions of the
Cell membrane
Made up of phospholipids
Heads and tails
Semi permeable
Protein channels for big stuff
Chon
Carbon,
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
The main elements that make up
everything alive.
Tubes in the body
Arteries o2 blood
Veins
co2 blood
Lymph wbc immune
Tendons attaches muscles to bones
Muscle attached to bones to move the body
Nerves communication network CNS-brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
Photosynthesis
Light synthesis-Putting together light
Process that converts light energy into chemical energy
E of the SUN + CO2 + H20  sugar + O2
The actual formula is
6 CO2
6 carbon
dioxide
+ 6H20
+ 6 water
 C6 H12 O6 + 6 02
light sugar
energy
+ 6 oxygen
Photosynthesis ultimately clean all of the toxins out of the atmosphere
Survival of a species has to do with a high population and high variation
Lots of people bigger gene pool to pick from’
more choices more variation,
Better chance of survival
Rocks tell about the earth’s history
Decomposers bacteria, fungi earthworms
Keep everything broken down and back into the circle of life
Biotic=life
Abiotic not life--rocks water, dirt
Plants have cell membranes and cell walls and
vacuoles and chloroplasts
4 macromolecules of life
The building blocks that everything is made of
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fats
(lipids or triglycerides)
Nucleic Acids--DNA cgat cgau
Heterozygous both the same
Homozygous--both are different