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Clip 1 Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between different kinds of living things and their environment. • • UNIT GOALS Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by • • • • • Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow. Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid. Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P). Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems. Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment such as global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and water and power consumption. 2 How is the Biosphere organized? Levels of 3 Organization •Organism •Population •Community •Ecosystem •Biome 4 What are the parts of an ecosystem? 5 Factors in the Ecosystem Wolf • Biotic: living influences on an organism in the ecosystem. Bacteria Trees Temperature •Abiotic: nonliving influences on an organism in the ecosystem. Sunlight Water • • • • • • • • Whale Water Fish Bear Sand Temperature Rain Cow 6 Biotic Abiotic 7 How does energy flow through an ecosystem? 8 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem • Energy is not created or destroyed, it is only changed from one form to another. • Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem......w/the main source being ... • the sun Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem 9 Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem 10 Energy flows from Producers to Consumers • Producers: – Plants,some algae, some bacteria – They capture energy from the sun. – They are also called autotrophes. Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem 11 Consumers Organisms that cannot make their own food are called heterotrophs. • Must eat autotrophs for energy. – ENERGY flows from Autotrophs to heterotrophs. Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem 12 Consumers 1. Primary consumers (herbivores) feed directly on plants or other producers. 2. Secondary consumers (carnivores) feed only on primary consumers. 3. Tertiary or higher level consumers feed only on animaleating animals. 4. Omnivores can eat both plants and animals.Examples are pigs, rats, cockroaches, and humans. Niche Clip 13 • A niche is the role and position of a species in its habitat. • Essentially it is the sum of all activities and relationships a species has while obtaining and using the resources needed to survive and reproduce. • A species' niche includes: • a. Habitat - where it lives in the ecosystem • b. Relationships - all interactions with other species in the ecosystem • c. Nutrition - its method of obtaining food. to packet: 2 organisms cannot have the same 14 Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem 1. Decomposers : obtain energy from dead organic matter Clip 15 Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem WOW 16 Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem 17 Amt. of energy decrease with each higher level of consumer Biomass= Amt of living tissue at a tropic level. 18 Only Clip 10 % of the energy is pasted to the next level. 19 20 Food Chains • Series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. • CLIP 21 Food Chains always start with the sun and end with a decomposer. Overlapping food chains. 22 CLIP 23 We’re All Connected! 24 25 How do organisms interact with each other in an ecosystem? 26 Community Interactions •Symbiosis •Predator-Prey •Competition Symbiosis • “Living Together” • 3 Types • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism 27 Mutualism 28 • Both species benefit. • Ex:Acacia -ants swarm a katydid 29 Ferocious ants uses a nasty sting to protect its home, the acacia tree. The acacia returns the favor by feeding the ants Mutualism 29 Commensalisms One member benefits and they other is not helped or harmed. 30 31 Parasitism one organism benefits from the relationship and the other is disadvantaged Symbiosis (all 3) Clip Predation • Food Webs contain predator and prey relation ships • Can show the Energy Flow in an Ecosystem 32 33 • Simulation • Clip 34 Review of Community Interactions How is matter cycled in an ecosystem? 35 Matter is Recycled! 36 • Unlike energy, matter is recycled in the environment. • Matter cycles from one organism to another. • Elements like nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus are RECYCLED in the environment • Matter cannot be replenished in an ecosystem. 37 • It must be RECYCLED! • In these cycles, elements move from the environment, through organisms, and back to the environment. 38 Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen is used by living organisms to make amino acids, proteins, & nucleic acids. • The largest amount of nitrogen is found in the atmosphere where it exists as a gas (mainly N2). 39 CLIP • Atmospheric nitrogen makes up 78% of our air, but it is in a nonusable form. • Lightning and some bacteria are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable nitrogencontaining compounds. 40 40 Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria in Plant roots convert atm. nitrogen for the plants to use 41 Carbon Cycle • All living organisms are based on the carbon atom. • Carbon is found in the environment as carbon dioxide gas. From the atmosphere, CO2 is used in photosynthesis to form sugar. • Respiration and decay are two ways that carbon returns to the atmosphere as a gas. – Carbon also returns to the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. 42 •Clip 1 •Clip 2 44 43 Phosphorous Cycle • Phosphorus cycles through the environment in two ways. – Plants get phosphorus from the soil. – Animals get phosphorus from the plants they eat. – When the animals die, they decompose and the phosphorus is returned to the soil. • The other way that phosphorus is cycled is a long term cycle. Phosphates that are washed out to sea become incorporated into sediments as insoluble compounds. When the sediments become exposed, the phosphorus can be recycled again into the environment. 44 Phosphorous Cycle Water passes from the atmosphere to the ground or water surfaces through rain and then eventually returns to the atmosphere. Water Cycle (H & O) • • 45 Clip Simulation 46 Wrap Up Cycles 47 How do ecosystems form and change over time? 48 • Ecosystems are constantly changing in responds to human and natural disturbances. • Ecological Succession is the change that occurs. • 2 types of succession 49 Two types of succession 1.Primary Succession 2.Secondary Succession 50 Primary succession 1. Begins with soil formation 2. Generally slow, many 1000s years 3. Volcanic eruptions, bare rock 4.never had a community living 51 55 52 Pioneer Species First species to populate the area. Clip 53 Pioneer Species SOIL FORMATION 54 55 Secondary Succession • Reestablishment after disturbance • Faster 56 • The following natural events are examples of factors which begin secondary succession anew: • A) Forest Fires • B) Disease • C) Climatic Conditions - Hurricane, tornado, drought, windstorms, etc........ • D) Human Disturbance - Roadsides, clear cutting, yards, etc.......... 57 Clip 58 5th year 1st year 10th year 2nd year 20th year 59 Primary or Secondary? Clip 60 • Old growth forests are forests whose natural cycles of growth have not been disturbed by logging, building roads or clearing. 61 How do populations grow? 62 Exponential growth In a population showing exponential growth the individuals are not limited by food or disease. If the rate of reproduction per individual remains constant through time, then the rate at which the population increases is a multiple of the number of individuals in the population. 63 64 Logistic growth Clip In most real populations both food and disease become important as conditions become crowded. There is an upper limit to the number of individuals the environment can support ("carrying capacity“). Populations in this kind of environment show what is known as logistic growth. A population can grow exponentially only for short periods of time, because it would very quickly deplete all the resources necessary for its survival. Over long periods of time, populations tend to attain an equilibrium population size which is determined by the available resources. 65 Carrying Capacity The maximum number of individuals of a population that can be supported by the environment 66 What influences how populations will grow? 67 Limiting Factors in an Ecosystem Limiting factors are things that prevent a population from growing any larger. Density-Dependent Competition-PredationParasitismCrowding/Stress-Food, space, nesting sites Density-Independent Weather-FiresDroughts/Floods-Human activities 68 Density-Independent Natural factors affecting Habitat that are positive or negative • • • • • • Extreme Cold Fires Heavy Snow Drought Overpopulation Flood 69 How have humans impacted the ecosystem? 70 Biodiversity refers to the number and variety of species, of ecosystems, and of the genetic variation contained within species. Threats to Diversity & Human Impact 71 1-Habitat loss 2-Over-hunting 72 3-Pollution •Air •Water Algal Bloom 3-Pollution 73 4-Invasion of non-native species Kudzu is an invasive species Global Warming (proposed) 5-Climate change 74 75 5-Climate change Possible consequences of Global Warming • Rising sea levels • Increasing ocean temperatures • Severe weather Global Warming Clip 5-Climate change 6-Population Growth U.S.: 306,297,506 World: 6,775,939,586 as of Apr 26, 2009 7-Over use of Non Renewable Resources • A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be produced, re-grown, regenerated, or reused on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate. Non-renewable Oil Natural Gas Coal Uranium Renewable Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Biomass, Hydro Biological Magnification Process by toxins become more concentrated with each successive trophic level of a food web 76 77 •Clip The theory of global warming suggests 76 that a trend toward warmer temperatures on Earth will cause glaciers to lose mass. A major consequence of glacial melting is A B C D flooding coastal regions destruction of fossil records increased saltiness of the ocean increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide Ecology: Organisms in Their Environment Video Assessment over Ecology (EOCT) will focus on: • understanding the relationship of the individual to a population, a community, an ecosystem and a biome • assessing the flow of energy through an ecosystem and required components of a successful environment • food chains • food webs • energy pyramids • nutrient cycling – explaining the negative impact humans have had on Earth – pollution – proposed global warming – explosive population – pesticide and herbicide usage – resource consumption, renewable and non-renewable