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Mammalogy (Spring 2015 Althoff - reference FDVM Chapters 21-23) Behavior LEC 12 Behavior • Animal’s ________________ & __________________ equipment forms basis for behavior • Interest because of flexibility & variability (compared to other vertebrates and vertebrates) • __________ & __________ behaviors Behavior • Well developed ________ organs • Brain capable of rapid evaluation of sensory information • Therefore: facilitated ___________ of communication and social behavior Compared to other Vertebrates: • Not completely unique from other vertebrates for innate behavior • Difference: _____________________ _____________________________ Non-Social Behavior • Feeding Behavior • Hoarding Behavior • Shelter Building Behavior a) nests (squirrels) b) burrows (gophers/moles) c) houses (woodrats, beavers, muskrats) Communication • Most highly developed in “________” way • Key categories: a) visual b) olfactory c) auditory d) tactile • Unknown to large degree: ____________ thought to help some predators detect prey. For example, _________ _____________ picks up electric field produced by earthworms General Properties of Major Sensory Channels of Communication for Mammals SIGNAL PROPERTY Olfactory Auditory Visual Tactile Range Long Long Medium Short Transmission rate Slow Fast Fast Fast Travel around objects _____ Yes No No Night use Yes Yes Little Yes Fade-out time _____ Fast Fast Fast Locate sender Difficult Varies Easy Easy Cost to send signal _____ High Medium Low Table 2.1, p408 FDVMK Mule deer—sources of scent FEMALE MALE Fig. 21.2, p409 FDVMK 1. Tarsal gland 2. Metatarsal gland 3. Forehead (1rubbed with urinary pheromones) 4. Tail 5. Urine 6. Interdigital gland Functions of Communication • Group spacing and coordination (consider canid-based wind hypothesis) • Recognition • Reproduction (see Reproduction lecture & Senses lecture notes) • • • • • Aggression and social status Alarm Hunting for food (see canid vs. felid comparisons) Giving and soliciting care Soliciting play Group Spacing & Coordination • Documented in some primates…Cebus monkeys (aka white-faced monkeys) of South American rain forest • When individuals spread out over 100 m diameter area, there are constant “________ _______”. Isolated member will even utter a “__________”. Recognition • Besides species recognition (for closely-related species), there is evidence that there is recognition of ___—even if no interactions early in the life of one or the other • Value: behave “____________” & _____ possible costs of ___________ with close relatives. Belding’s ground squirrels shown to recognize littermates later in life— even when separated as neonates Aggression and Social Status • When in “close quarters” competing for food and space, being aggressive can be beneficial. For the inferior one, communicating that they will not “challenge” can ___________________—and that saves both energy and reduced stress Hunting for Food • Reviewed by Kleiman and Eisenberg (1973) for canids vs. felids • Overall, structured communication would be favored in group living both for locating prey and cooperation in securing it • African wild dog provides an example of an highly developed communication system: a) _______________________ (“rally”) that includes nosing, lip-licking, tail-wagging, and circling b) rallying ensures alertness & readiness Soliciting Play • Function of “play” remains under debate…especially amount mature/adult individuals • For developing young, it likely serves the immediate function of __________________ development and coordination • Observed in canids…among adults. Example is the “play bow” by dogs FOCUS: Prey vs. Predatory • Common: Reproduction/ Parenting/Spacing • Prey: oriented toward detection vs. reaction • Predator: oriented toward detection & cooperative hunting Spatial Relations • ____________ = area which is used by an animal in its day-to-day activities and in which it spends most of its time. “Sallies” or “wanderings” outside the area are exceptions…depends on one’s definition. __________ represents area of heaviest use within the home range. Home ranges and core areas of baboons in Nairobi Park, Kenya FDVMK Fig. 21.12 p415 Spatial Relations • Territory = area is occupied by individual or group exclusively…and is _______________ ___________________________…or both. • By patrolling boundaries of space, vocalizing, visiting scent posts, and making other displays results in significantly __________ expenditure • Key to establishment: __________________ = _____ (energy expenditure, risk of injury, etc.) ________(aka access to resources) CASE STUDY: Felids vs. Canids • Kleiman & Eisenberg (1973) Kleiman, D.G. and J.F. Eisenberg. 1973. Comparisons of canid and felid social systems from an evoluntionary perspective. Animal Behaviour 21:637-659. • Focused on evolutionary history, distribution, habitat preferences, morphology, and behavior Background • Long _________ evolutionary history--diverged in Eocene ...specialized predators for a longtime. • Evolutionary trends paralleled diversity and adaptation to ______________of prey species. Felids • Tigers: cool, moist biomes • Leopards: dry, tropical • Lions: ___________________ (______ group dwelling felid) Canids • Wolf: prairie ecosystem (buffalo, deer, elk...as well as caribou and moose) • African cape hunting dog: savanna • Coyote: prairie ecosystem Generally, “_______” habitat Felids - cat skeletons • Most adapted to making leaps and striking prey with forepaws Exception: _______________ • Large, retractile claws on fore-paw enable them to climb Felids - cat skeletons...continued • Skull: truncated and rostrum shortened when compared to canids....__________________ ________________ • Face dominated by ________... excellent “form” vision, sense mood of conspecifics Felids ...continued • ________ is dominant sensory system used for hunting • Overall, big “cats” _______ than ________ canids Canids - dog skeletons • Long-legged, _____ well-adapted to leaping • _________ runners • _________ is long • _________ vision not good but discriminates movement well Canids...continued • __________ sense of smell • __________ sense of hearing • …and sense of sight not too bad, either! Method of Attack on HERBIVORES • Felids: ______ attack large prey vs. • Canids: ______ attack of large herbivores Behavioral Specializations: Felid Hunting & Feeding • Can kill prey equal to or greater than body size • Kill is swift once contact is made • Extra “leverage” allows bite to braincase or neck • Kill by suffocation Felid Hunting & Feeding...con’t • Initial stages of hunt: stealthy approach, usually solo • Chase, except for cheetah, is usually ______ • Also, some ________ • Almost all __________ carnivorous (thus, more _________________ than ____________) Reproductive Behavior • Domestic cats—induced ovulators, extended estrus • Courtship is brief (1-5 days) • Repeated copulations • Male finds female by odor cues but females do call Reproductive Behavior • Litter sizes 1-5 (mode = 3) • Smaller litter sizes than most all carnivores • Born in ______________ precoccial state than canids • Litter size, precoccial-ness may be due to female only rearing Visual Displays • Domestic cat: 9 distinct facial expressions, 16 distinct body/tail postures • Face-to-face encounters: eyes important...change in pupil size • “_________________” communication “visual behind” SIBERIAN LYNX BOBCAT TIGER Felids: Social Systems • Nearly all are solitary hunters, and solitary most of their lifetime. exception is ___________ • Thus, main social grouping in felids is ______________________. Felid: Social Systems ...continued • Exception: Lions Females have group that rears young Males usually have their own group Behavioral Specializations: Canid Hunting & Feeding • Primarily ____________ existence (i.e., don’t climb trees) • No _________________ characteristics to takedown large prey • Small prey: killed w/ head shake • Large prey: ___________ bites to weaken prey Canid Hunting & Feeding...con’t • Prey mainly located by _________ & ___________ cues • Many nocturnal, wolves diurnal • ____ strictly carnivores...especially smaller canids. They seasonally consume fruit/vegetable matter • ____________ on prey of larger predators Canid Hunting & Feeding ...con’t • “Peaceful” communal feeding result of scavenging & group hunt • Cooperative hunts much more effective • _______ stomach capacity: consume large qty. at once Canid Hunting & Feeding ...con’t • Large “consumption” ability may reflect inability to defend a kill...also canids often cache food. Felids also carry off large carcasses Reproductive Behavior • Typically, only 1 estrus per year • During breeding season, male-female interactions prolonged (weeks, months) • Higher litter sizes (range 2-13) (mode is 5) Care of Young • Usually involves care of female & her litter a) wolves & African hunting dog--_____ structure b) foxes, coyotes,etc--____ bond (male & female) • _____________ of food Care of Young...con’t • Burrow construction (not done among felids) a) _____________ for young b) reduces _________ from predation Communication • Olfactory: urine & feces • Vocalizations: 9-16 distinct vocalizations (wolves-foxes), including howling--long distance calling • Visual: variety of ear, tail, & body postures Communication--visual...con’t • During close contact, generally an _____________ of direct eye contact with dominants....plus tail wagging signals submission Social Organization • Tolerance of the sexes…results in permanent or at a minimum a seasonal pair bond • _______ structure: wolves & hunting dogs (usually related): differences--wolves M & F hierarchy, not same structure for hunting dogs Summary: Address these issues • Social structures derived from different sources for felids & canids...what are they? • What influences grouping tendencies? • What are the major methods of information exchange?