Download ecology 2015 - Warren County Schools

REFLECTION
10/16 – Explain biodiversity. Would a rainforest
or desert have more biodiversity? Explain.
10/19 – Contrast a population and a community.
10/20 – Describe what makes every ecosystem
different.
10/21 – Name an ecosystem and describe 2
abiotic factors that affect or create that
ecosystem.
10/22 – Contrast a biome and an ecosystem.
Reflection
10/26 – Explain what you think is meant by a
limiting factor for a population.
10/27 – Describe the 2 types of population
growth and which one represents the human
population.
10/28 – Name 5 limiting factors for white tail
deer.
11/2 – Name the 3 types of symbiotic
reationships.
11/4 – Name the 4 type of consumers
Main Ideas
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Levels of an ecosystem
Contrast community and population
Explain how abiotic factors create an ecosystem
Climate
Describe 2 other abiotic factors that can affect a
population
• Why are rocks not a good abiotic factor to choose?
• Do abiotic factors limit the growth of a population?
Is this necessary?
• Describe 3 limiting factors for a population.
The Study of the Earth’s
Environment’s
Ecology – The study of the interactions
between organisms and relationships of
living things with one another and with
their environment.
Biodiversity & Keystone Species
Biodiversity – Amount of organisms in an area.
Determined by the abiotic and biotic factors in
ecosystem.
Keystone species – Species that has an unusually
large effect on an ecosystem.
ABIOTIC FACTORS
Sunlight
Plants need the sunlight
to make glucose by photosynthesis.
Without plants, the food chain dies.
Sunlight produces heat that changes the
temperature of the Earths atmosphere and
surface.
ABIOTIC FACTORS
Climate & Temperature
Includes the average temperature and
rainfall for a region. All organisms are
adapted for the climate they live.
Climate determines the different
biomes.
ABIOTIC FACTORS
Water
Organisms are mostly made of water. The
cytoplasm of cells are mostly water. Plants
need water to conduct photosynthesis. pH,
pollution, temperature, oxygen, flooding,
drought, salinity, rainfall
ABIOTIC FACTORS
Soil & Nutrients
Plants need the soil for the
nutrients and water it provides.
NOT FOOD!!!. Many animals live
in the soil. The type of soil in an
area determines the types of
plants and animals that can live in
the area.
EX: Venus Flytraps
Aquatic Factors
• Oxygen in water
• Salt in water
• pH of water
• Pollution in water
• Temperature of water
• Length if winter
ALL MUST BE JUST RIGHT –
GOLDILOCKS EFFECT!!!
ABIOTIC FACTORS
Severe Disturbances
1. Fire – Fire can be good or bad. It
destroys habitat and food. Some plants
need a fire for their seeds to germinate.
2. Hurricanes
3. Volcanoes
4. Floods
5. Storms
6. Droughts
ENVIRONMENTAL
ORGANIZATION
• Organism – the individual living thing
(one deer)
• Population – all the members of one
species (the herd)
ENVIRONMENTAL
ORGANIZATION
• Community – all the populations (living
things) in an area
• Ecosystem – all the biotic (living) &
abiotic (nonliving) things that interact in
an area
ECOSYSTEMS
•An ECOSYSTEM must provide what an
organism needs to survive, or the
organism must move, adapt, or die.
•To stay alive, organisms need
–Energy (food)
–Water
–Oxygen
–Living space
ECOSYSTEMS
•An ECOSYSTEM is made of all the
living & nonliving things that interact in
a particular area
•Ecosystems can be
large or small
Biomes
• Biomes are regions of the world with
similar climate (temperature &
rainfall) AND animals and plants.
There are terrestrial biomes (land)
and aquatic biomes, both freshwater
and marine.
ENVIRONMENTAL
ORGANIZATION
• Biosphere - the entire Earth
• Animals & plants adapt to best survive
in the conditions of each Earth
region. These regions are called the
biomes.
PARTS OF THE
BIOSPHERE
•The living parts of an ecosystem
that affects oth populations
•BIOTIC factors Examples: trees,
plants, flowers,
insects, animals
Biotic Factors
Plants: Producers and make oxygen in
photosynthesis.
BIOTIC FACTORS
• Each organism in an ecosystem has a role
or niche
• PLANTS(Producers) or Protists – mostly
plants, make their own food through
photosynthesis
• Role – to provide food (energy) for all
living things
Biotic Factors
Protists: They are a large part of
the food chain. Some are producers.
Biotic Factors
Animals: Make carbon dioxide for the
plants. They use resources.
BIOTIC FACTORS
• Animals(Consumers) or Protists– must eat
(consume) other organisms to get energy.
– Herbivores – eat only plants
– Carnivores – eat herbivores
– Omnivores – eat plants, herbivores, and
carnivores
– Detrivores – eat dead stuff
BIOTIC FACTORS
• Scavengers are organism that
eat dead animal remains
– buzzards
– hyenas
- snails
- flies
BIOTIC FACTORS
• Decomposers are organisms that
break down dead matter into the
smallest particles
BACTERIA
FUNGI
BIOTIC FACTORS
– Bacteria are decomposers that break
down animal remains.
– Role: returns materials to the soil,
clean up the environment
– Fungus are decomposers that break
down plant material and returns
materials back to the soil
PARTS OF THE BIOSPHERE
The non-living factors in an ecosystem that affect
population numbers are called ABIOTIC factors.
–Examples : water, pH,pollution, soil,
air,temperature, wind, carbon dioxide,
nutrients, sunlight, natural disasters
POPULATION
ECOLOGY
Study of the growth of populations and factors
that affect the growth!!
Features of Populations
Density: measurement of population per unit
area or unit volume
POPULATION – SAME SPECIES IN A SIMILAR
AREA
Pop. Density = # of individuals ÷ unit of space
How are populations measured?
• Population density = number of individuals in a
given area or volume
• count all the individuals in a population
• estimate by sampling
How Do Populations Grow?
Idealized models describe two kinds of
population growth:
1. Exponential Growth
2. Logistic Growth
Logistic growth is slowed by population-limiting
factors
K = Carrying capacity is
the maximum
population size
that an environment
can support
Figure 35.3B
Logistic Growth Curve
Exponential Growth Curve
population grows unchecked
No limiting factors – bacteria and humans
Figure 35.3A
History of the Human Population
CARRYING CAPACITY
• The maximum number of organisms an
ecosystem can successfully support.
Carrying Capacity
• Carrying Capacity (k):
– The maximum population size that can be
supported by the available resources
– There can only be as many organisms as the
environmental resources can support
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE GROWTH OF A POPULATION
When conditions are good, a
population will generally increase.
But a population does not keep
growing forever. Eventually some
factor in its environment causes
the population to stop growing.
Limiting Factors
Environmental abiotic and biotic factors
can also be termed "Limiting Factors."
They are limiting in that they tend to select
only for those organisms which have the
best tolerance, or adaptation to the factor.
At different times of the year, some abiotic
factors take on more importance than
others. These factors help to keep a
population at or below carrying capacity.
LIMITING FACTORS
• LIMITING FACTORS: Biotic and abiotic
factors that prevents a population from
increasing.
– Food
– Water
– Living space
– Temperature
– Predation
– Competition
Relationships in Community –
Limiting Factor
• Predation
• Competition
• Symbiotic
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parastism
LIMITING FACTORS
SPACE
If the plant or animal does not have
enough room to reproduce and grow,
the numbers will decrease.
LIMITING FACTORS
CLIMATE
Conditions such as drought and temperature
changes can limit the population growth. Too
cold, too hot, too wet, too dry all affect
population growth. Early frost can kill many
insects and plants.
LIMITING FACTORS
FOOD & WATER
When food is scarce, the
population numbers will
decrease from
starvation or low birth
numbers. When
food if plentiful, numbers
increase because
of low death rates and high
birth rates.
LIMITING FACTORS
Predator/Prey Relationship
Predation has a huge effect on the size and growth of a
population. If there are more predators or more
efficient at hunting techniques, then the prey species
goes down. Predators affect prey species numbers and
prey species affect predators numbers.
PREDATOR/PREY RELATIONSHIP
Remember, when the prey species
goes up, the predator goes up
SHORTLY THEREAFTER.
When the prey species goes down,
the predators go down, SHORTLY
THEREAFTER.
What is the carrying capacity of this ecosystem for
the rabbits? Fox?
“Booms” and “Busts”
LIMITING FACTORS
COMPETITION
When two or more individuals or populations try
to use the same resources. Can occur within
populations or between populations. Both affect
the others numbers.
LIMITING FACTORS
DISEASE
When disease (fungal, parasitic, bacterial, viral)
is introduced to a population, population
numbers are affected. Only the strongest
individuals overcome the disease and survive.
Limiting Factors
Introduced Species
Humans sometimes move organisms
to a location where they do not
belong. Sometimes they die, but
often they prosper. If the
organism has no predators, then
its population will grow. An
example of this occurring this the
kudzu plant. It was transplanted
to American and nothing eats it
here. So, it grows out of
control. This causes native plants
to loose the space, sunlight and
water supply they need to survive.
Brown Tree Snake
• Shortly after World War II, and before 1952, the brown
Treesnake was accidentally transported from its native
range in the South Pacific to Guam, probably as a
stowaway in ship cargo. As a result of abundant prey to
eat on Guam and the absence of natural predators and other
population controls, brown Treesnake populations grew.
Snakes caused the loss of most of the native forest
vertebrate species; thousands of power outages affecting
private, commercial, and military activities; widespread
loss of domestic birds and pets. Most songbirds of Guam
have gone extinct.
Brown Tree Snake
Cane Toad
Cane Toad
• Cane toads, introduced into Australia to control
beetles that were destroying sugarcane crops, are
still spreading across Australia. They failed to
control the cane beetles, and became a major pest
themselves. Cane toads can harm native wildlife
by eating small animals and poisoning larger
predators that try to eat them. Household pets are
also at risk from poisoning. So far, there is no
known way to control cane toads across large
areas, but scientists are searching for a biological
control agent that is specific to the toads.
Can Human Effect an
Ecosystem?
Name the limiting factors in the pictures below:
Tundra Ecosystem
Name 3 limiting factors for the
Caribou
Predation
• Predation is the type of feeding relationship
in which one animal captures and eats
another animal for its food.
• Prey – is eaten
• Predator – captures and eats prey.
Competition
• Competition – occurs whenever more than
one individual or populations tries to make
use of the same limited resources.
Symbiosis
• Any close relationship between species.
Individuals in the relationship are either:
1. Helped 2. Unaffected 3. Harmed
Mutualism
• A relationship in which both species benefit
Zebra & oxpecker
Cleaner fish
www.orn.mpg.de
Lichens: algae + fungus
Commensalism
• A relationship in which one species benefits
and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Shark & remora
Barnacles on whale
Parasitism
• A relationship in which one organisms
benefits and the other is harmed. The
individual that benefits is called the
parasite, the one harmed is called the
host.
Tick
Mistletoe
Coevolution
The evolution of two species totally dependent on
each other. Coevolution is an extreme example of
mutualism.
Yucca flowers are a
certain shape so only
that tiny moth can
pollinate them. The
moths lay their eggs in
the yucca flowers and
the larvae (caterpillars)
live in the developing
ovary and eat yucca
seeds.
Yucca moths and yucca plants
Acacias are small, trees
that have large, hollow
thorns. The acacia ants
live in the thorns. On the
tips of its leaflets, the plant
makes a substance used
by the ants as food. The
ants defend the tree from
herbivores by
attacking/stinging any
animal that even
accidentally brushes up
against the plant. The ants
also prune off seedlings of
any other plants that sprout
under “their” tree
Acacia ants and acacia trees
Coevolution is often seen in a
number of species of flowering
plants that coevolved
with specific pollinators (insects,
bats, etc).
The pollinator gets a
reward such as nectar for
pollinating the plant.
Insects (beetles) on the
plant found this
protein/sugar mix and
used it as food.
Insects became dependent
on this food source and
started carrying pollen
from plant to plant.
Beetle-pollination must
have been more efficient
than wind for some
species, so there was
natural selection for
plants that attracted
insects.
Examples of Symbiosis
Examples of Symbiosis
Examples of Symbiosis