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Transcript
REFLECTION 10/16 – Explain biodiversity. Would a rainforest or desert have more biodiversity? Explain. 10/19 – Contrast a population and a community. 10/20 – Describe what makes every ecosystem different. 10/21 – Name an ecosystem and describe 2 abiotic factors that affect or create that ecosystem. 10/22 – Contrast a biome and an ecosystem. Reflection 10/26 – Explain what you think is meant by a limiting factor for a population. 10/27 – Describe the 2 types of population growth and which one represents the human population. 10/28 – Name 5 limiting factors for white tail deer. 11/2 – Name the 3 types of symbiotic reationships. 11/4 – Name the 4 type of consumers Main Ideas • • • • • Levels of an ecosystem Contrast community and population Explain how abiotic factors create an ecosystem Climate Describe 2 other abiotic factors that can affect a population • Why are rocks not a good abiotic factor to choose? • Do abiotic factors limit the growth of a population? Is this necessary? • Describe 3 limiting factors for a population. The Study of the Earth’s Environment’s Ecology – The study of the interactions between organisms and relationships of living things with one another and with their environment. Biodiversity & Keystone Species Biodiversity – Amount of organisms in an area. Determined by the abiotic and biotic factors in ecosystem. Keystone species – Species that has an unusually large effect on an ecosystem. ABIOTIC FACTORS Sunlight Plants need the sunlight to make glucose by photosynthesis. Without plants, the food chain dies. Sunlight produces heat that changes the temperature of the Earths atmosphere and surface. ABIOTIC FACTORS Climate & Temperature Includes the average temperature and rainfall for a region. All organisms are adapted for the climate they live. Climate determines the different biomes. ABIOTIC FACTORS Water Organisms are mostly made of water. The cytoplasm of cells are mostly water. Plants need water to conduct photosynthesis. pH, pollution, temperature, oxygen, flooding, drought, salinity, rainfall ABIOTIC FACTORS Soil & Nutrients Plants need the soil for the nutrients and water it provides. NOT FOOD!!!. Many animals live in the soil. The type of soil in an area determines the types of plants and animals that can live in the area. EX: Venus Flytraps Aquatic Factors • Oxygen in water • Salt in water • pH of water • Pollution in water • Temperature of water • Length if winter ALL MUST BE JUST RIGHT – GOLDILOCKS EFFECT!!! ABIOTIC FACTORS Severe Disturbances 1. Fire – Fire can be good or bad. It destroys habitat and food. Some plants need a fire for their seeds to germinate. 2. Hurricanes 3. Volcanoes 4. Floods 5. Storms 6. Droughts ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATION • Organism – the individual living thing (one deer) • Population – all the members of one species (the herd) ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATION • Community – all the populations (living things) in an area • Ecosystem – all the biotic (living) & abiotic (nonliving) things that interact in an area ECOSYSTEMS •An ECOSYSTEM must provide what an organism needs to survive, or the organism must move, adapt, or die. •To stay alive, organisms need –Energy (food) –Water –Oxygen –Living space ECOSYSTEMS •An ECOSYSTEM is made of all the living & nonliving things that interact in a particular area •Ecosystems can be large or small Biomes • Biomes are regions of the world with similar climate (temperature & rainfall) AND animals and plants. There are terrestrial biomes (land) and aquatic biomes, both freshwater and marine. ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATION • Biosphere - the entire Earth • Animals & plants adapt to best survive in the conditions of each Earth region. These regions are called the biomes. PARTS OF THE BIOSPHERE •The living parts of an ecosystem that affects oth populations •BIOTIC factors Examples: trees, plants, flowers, insects, animals Biotic Factors Plants: Producers and make oxygen in photosynthesis. BIOTIC FACTORS • Each organism in an ecosystem has a role or niche • PLANTS(Producers) or Protists – mostly plants, make their own food through photosynthesis • Role – to provide food (energy) for all living things Biotic Factors Protists: They are a large part of the food chain. Some are producers. Biotic Factors Animals: Make carbon dioxide for the plants. They use resources. BIOTIC FACTORS • Animals(Consumers) or Protists– must eat (consume) other organisms to get energy. – Herbivores – eat only plants – Carnivores – eat herbivores – Omnivores – eat plants, herbivores, and carnivores – Detrivores – eat dead stuff BIOTIC FACTORS • Scavengers are organism that eat dead animal remains – buzzards – hyenas - snails - flies BIOTIC FACTORS • Decomposers are organisms that break down dead matter into the smallest particles BACTERIA FUNGI BIOTIC FACTORS – Bacteria are decomposers that break down animal remains. – Role: returns materials to the soil, clean up the environment – Fungus are decomposers that break down plant material and returns materials back to the soil PARTS OF THE BIOSPHERE The non-living factors in an ecosystem that affect population numbers are called ABIOTIC factors. –Examples : water, pH,pollution, soil, air,temperature, wind, carbon dioxide, nutrients, sunlight, natural disasters POPULATION ECOLOGY Study of the growth of populations and factors that affect the growth!! Features of Populations Density: measurement of population per unit area or unit volume POPULATION – SAME SPECIES IN A SIMILAR AREA Pop. Density = # of individuals ÷ unit of space How are populations measured? • Population density = number of individuals in a given area or volume • count all the individuals in a population • estimate by sampling How Do Populations Grow? Idealized models describe two kinds of population growth: 1. Exponential Growth 2. Logistic Growth Logistic growth is slowed by population-limiting factors K = Carrying capacity is the maximum population size that an environment can support Figure 35.3B Logistic Growth Curve Exponential Growth Curve population grows unchecked No limiting factors – bacteria and humans Figure 35.3A History of the Human Population CARRYING CAPACITY • The maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can successfully support. Carrying Capacity • Carrying Capacity (k): – The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources – There can only be as many organisms as the environmental resources can support FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE GROWTH OF A POPULATION When conditions are good, a population will generally increase. But a population does not keep growing forever. Eventually some factor in its environment causes the population to stop growing. Limiting Factors Environmental abiotic and biotic factors can also be termed "Limiting Factors." They are limiting in that they tend to select only for those organisms which have the best tolerance, or adaptation to the factor. At different times of the year, some abiotic factors take on more importance than others. These factors help to keep a population at or below carrying capacity. LIMITING FACTORS • LIMITING FACTORS: Biotic and abiotic factors that prevents a population from increasing. – Food – Water – Living space – Temperature – Predation – Competition Relationships in Community – Limiting Factor • Predation • Competition • Symbiotic Mutualism Commensalism Parastism LIMITING FACTORS SPACE If the plant or animal does not have enough room to reproduce and grow, the numbers will decrease. LIMITING FACTORS CLIMATE Conditions such as drought and temperature changes can limit the population growth. Too cold, too hot, too wet, too dry all affect population growth. Early frost can kill many insects and plants. LIMITING FACTORS FOOD & WATER When food is scarce, the population numbers will decrease from starvation or low birth numbers. When food if plentiful, numbers increase because of low death rates and high birth rates. LIMITING FACTORS Predator/Prey Relationship Predation has a huge effect on the size and growth of a population. If there are more predators or more efficient at hunting techniques, then the prey species goes down. Predators affect prey species numbers and prey species affect predators numbers. PREDATOR/PREY RELATIONSHIP Remember, when the prey species goes up, the predator goes up SHORTLY THEREAFTER. When the prey species goes down, the predators go down, SHORTLY THEREAFTER. What is the carrying capacity of this ecosystem for the rabbits? Fox? “Booms” and “Busts” LIMITING FACTORS COMPETITION When two or more individuals or populations try to use the same resources. Can occur within populations or between populations. Both affect the others numbers. LIMITING FACTORS DISEASE When disease (fungal, parasitic, bacterial, viral) is introduced to a population, population numbers are affected. Only the strongest individuals overcome the disease and survive. Limiting Factors Introduced Species Humans sometimes move organisms to a location where they do not belong. Sometimes they die, but often they prosper. If the organism has no predators, then its population will grow. An example of this occurring this the kudzu plant. It was transplanted to American and nothing eats it here. So, it grows out of control. This causes native plants to loose the space, sunlight and water supply they need to survive. Brown Tree Snake • Shortly after World War II, and before 1952, the brown Treesnake was accidentally transported from its native range in the South Pacific to Guam, probably as a stowaway in ship cargo. As a result of abundant prey to eat on Guam and the absence of natural predators and other population controls, brown Treesnake populations grew. Snakes caused the loss of most of the native forest vertebrate species; thousands of power outages affecting private, commercial, and military activities; widespread loss of domestic birds and pets. Most songbirds of Guam have gone extinct. Brown Tree Snake Cane Toad Cane Toad • Cane toads, introduced into Australia to control beetles that were destroying sugarcane crops, are still spreading across Australia. They failed to control the cane beetles, and became a major pest themselves. Cane toads can harm native wildlife by eating small animals and poisoning larger predators that try to eat them. Household pets are also at risk from poisoning. So far, there is no known way to control cane toads across large areas, but scientists are searching for a biological control agent that is specific to the toads. Can Human Effect an Ecosystem? Name the limiting factors in the pictures below: Tundra Ecosystem Name 3 limiting factors for the Caribou Predation • Predation is the type of feeding relationship in which one animal captures and eats another animal for its food. • Prey – is eaten • Predator – captures and eats prey. Competition • Competition – occurs whenever more than one individual or populations tries to make use of the same limited resources. Symbiosis • Any close relationship between species. Individuals in the relationship are either: 1. Helped 2. Unaffected 3. Harmed Mutualism • A relationship in which both species benefit Zebra & oxpecker Cleaner fish www.orn.mpg.de Lichens: algae + fungus Commensalism • A relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed Shark & remora Barnacles on whale Parasitism • A relationship in which one organisms benefits and the other is harmed. The individual that benefits is called the parasite, the one harmed is called the host. Tick Mistletoe Coevolution The evolution of two species totally dependent on each other. Coevolution is an extreme example of mutualism. Yucca flowers are a certain shape so only that tiny moth can pollinate them. The moths lay their eggs in the yucca flowers and the larvae (caterpillars) live in the developing ovary and eat yucca seeds. Yucca moths and yucca plants Acacias are small, trees that have large, hollow thorns. The acacia ants live in the thorns. On the tips of its leaflets, the plant makes a substance used by the ants as food. The ants defend the tree from herbivores by attacking/stinging any animal that even accidentally brushes up against the plant. The ants also prune off seedlings of any other plants that sprout under “their” tree Acacia ants and acacia trees Coevolution is often seen in a number of species of flowering plants that coevolved with specific pollinators (insects, bats, etc). The pollinator gets a reward such as nectar for pollinating the plant. Insects (beetles) on the plant found this protein/sugar mix and used it as food. Insects became dependent on this food source and started carrying pollen from plant to plant. Beetle-pollination must have been more efficient than wind for some species, so there was natural selection for plants that attracted insects. Examples of Symbiosis Examples of Symbiosis Examples of Symbiosis