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Chapter 18 Interactions of Living Things Preview Section 1 Everything Is Connected Section 2 Living Things Need Energy Section 3 Types of Interactions Concept Mapping < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 1 Everything Is Connected Bellringer Think of all the things that make up a pond in the countryside. List all the parts of the pond’s ecosystem in your science journal. Are all the parts of the ecosystem living? Explain your answer. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 1 Everything Is Connected Objectives • Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic parts of the environment. • Explain how populations and communities are related. • Describe how the abiotic parts of the environment affect ecosystems. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 1 Everything Is Connected Studying the Web of Life • Ecology is the study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their environment. • The Two Parts of the Environment All of the organisms that live together and interact with one another make up the biotic part of the environment. The abiotic part of the environment consists of the nonliving factors. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 1 Everything Is Connected Studying the Web of Life, continued • Organization in the Environment At first glance, the environment may seem disorganized. However, the environment can be arranged into different levels. The five levels of the environment are shown on the next slide. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 1 Everything Is Connected < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 1 Everything Is Connected Studying the Web of Life, continued • Populations Each animal is a part of a population, or a group of individuals of the same species that live together. • Communities A community consists of all of the populations of species that live and interact in an area. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 1 Everything Is Connected Studying the Web of Life, continued < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 1 Everything Is Connected Studying the Web of Life, continued • Ecosystems An ecosystem is made up of a community of organisms and the abiotic environment of the community. • The Biosphere The biosphere is the part of Earth where life exists. It extends from the deepest parts of the ocean to high in the air where plant spores drift. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 2 Living Things Need Energy Bellringer Indian pipe is a plant that is completely white—it has no chlorophyll or chloroplasts to give it a green color. Do you think this plant could be a producer? If not, where do you think it could get the energy it needs to survive? Write your answers in your science journal. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 2 Living Things Need Energy Objectives • Describe the functions of producers, consumers, and decomposers in an ecosystem. • Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. • Explain how energy flows through a food web. • Describe how the removal of one species affects the entire food web. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 2 Living Things Need Energy The Energy Connection • Producers Organisms that use sunlight directly to make food are called producers. They do this by using a process called photosynthesis. • Consumers Organisms that eat other organisms are called consumers. • Decomposers Organisms that get energy by breaking down dead organisms are called decomposers. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 2 Living Things Need Energy The Energy Connection, continued < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 2 Living Things Need Energy The Energy Connection, continued < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 2 Living Things Need Energy The Energy Connection, continued • Food Chains and Food Webs •A food chain is a diagram that shows how energy in food flows from one organism to another. •A food web is a diagram that shows all of the possible feeding relationships (paths energy can take) between organisms in an ecosystem. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 2 Living Things Need Energy The Energy Connection, continued < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 2 Living Things Need Energy The Energy Connection, continued • Energy Pyramids An energy pyramid is a triangular diagram that shows an ecosystem’s loss of energy, which results as energy passes through the ecosystem’s food chain. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 2 Living Things Need Energy < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 2 Living Things Need Energy Wolves and the Energy Pyramid • Gray Wolves and the Food Web Gray wolves were brought back to Yellowstone National Park in 1995. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service thinks the return of the wolves will restore the natural energy flow in the area and bring populations back into balance. • Balance in Ecosystems All organisms in a food web are important for the health and balance of all other organisms in the food web. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 3 Types of Interactions Bellringer Make a list of predators that are also prey. Record your answer in your science journal. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 3 Types of Interactions Objectives • Explain the relationship between carrying capacity and limiting factors. • Describe the two types of competition. • Distinguish between mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Give an example of coevolution. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 3 Types of Interactions Interactions with the Environment • Limiting Factors A resource that is so scarce that it limits the size of a population is called a limiting factor. • Carrying Capacity The largest population that an environment can support is known as the carrying capacity. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 3 Types of Interactions Limiting Factors and Carrying Capacity Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 3 Types of Interactions Interactions Between Organisms • Individuals and Populations Interact Populations contain individuals of a single species that interact with one another, such as a group of rabbits feeding in the same area. •Intraspecific interactions: those that occur between organisms of the same species • Communities contain interacting populations, such as a coral reef with many species of corals trying to find living space. •Interspecific interactions: those that occur between organisms of different species < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 3 Types of Interactions Competition • Individuals and Populations Interact When two or more individuals or populations try to use the same resource, such as food, water, shelter, space, or sunlight, it is called competition. • Competition can happen within a population, or between populations. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 3 Types of Interactions Predators and Prey • Predators are organisms that eat all or part of another organism. Organisms that are killed and eaten by other organisms are called prey. • Predator Adaptations To survive, predators must be able to catch their prey. Predators have a wide variety of methods and abilities for doing so. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 3 Types of Interactions Predators and Prey, continued • Prey Adaptations Prey have their own methods and abilities to keep from being eaten. Prey are able to run away, stay in groups, or camouflage themselves. Some prey are poisonous. • Camouflage One way animals avoid being eaten is by being hard to see. Blending in with the background is called camouflage. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 3 Types of Interactions Predators and Prey, continued • Defensive Chemicals Some animals defend themselves with chemicals. The skunk and the bombardier beetle both spray predators with irritating chemicals. Bees, ants, and wasps inject a powerful acid into their attackers. • Warning Coloration Animals that have a chemical defense need a way to warn predators that they should look elsewhere for a meal. Their chemical weapons are often advertised by warning colors. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 3 Types of Interactions Symbiosis • Symbiosis is a relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other. • Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit. • Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 3 Types of Interactions Symbiosis, continued • Parasitism is a symbiotic association in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed. • The organism that benefits is called the parasite, while the organism that is harmed is called the host. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Section 3 Types of Interactions Coevolution • What Is Coevolution? When a long-term change takes place in two species because of their close interactions with one another, the change is called coevolution. • Coevolution and Flowers Flowers have changed over millions of years to attract pollinators. Pollinators such as bees, bats, and hummingbirds can be attracted to a flower because of its color, odor, or nectar. < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Interactions of Living Things Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. Environment Ecosystem Biosphere Population Communities Consumers Sunlight Herbivores Carnivores < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Interactions of Living Things < Back Next > Preview Main Chapter 18 Interactions of Living Things < Back Next > Preview Main