Download Chapter5-Matter in Motion

Chapter 5
Matter in Motion
Motion: _________________________________________________
the change in an object’s position over time when compared
_________________________________________________
with a reference point
Reference point: ____________________________________________
Place that appears to stay in place when compared
_______________________________________________
to an object in motion.
Common Reference Points:
The Earth’s surface
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
Non-moving objects on the Earth’s surface (Ex: buildings or trees)
____________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________
Moving objects in relation to other moving objects (Ex: a plane
______________________________________________________
relative to a bird)
Speed: _____________________________________________________
The rate at which an object moves.
distance
time
Speed depends on _______________
and ________________.
total distance
Average speed = ________________
total time
Example: If a family drove 600 miles to their vacation resort and it took them
15 hours to get there, what was their average speed?
600 miles
Average speed = _______________________
=
15 hours
40 miles/hour
Graphing speed: Distance goes on the ___-axis
y
and time goes on the ___-axis.
x
Distance in km
Suppose we graphed the speed
of a storm front moving across
the country. It might look like the
graph at the left. The black line
shows the average speed, while
the red line shows the hourly
speed.
Time in Hours
Velocity - ___________________
the speed of an
___________________________
object in a particular
___________________________
direction. Velocity changes
___________________________
as speed or direction
___________________________
changes.
Example: A horse on a merry-go-round is
moving at a constant rate of 10 meters/sec.
No
Is its speed changing? _____
Is its velocity changing? ______
Yes
The direction is constantly changing!
Resultant velocity:____________________________________________
Combining velocities to find the overall velocity
Ex: If you were in a train traveling 40 km/hour west and you walked east
through the train at 5 km/hour, what is your resultant velocity?
Answer: 40 km/hour west – 5 km/hour east = 35 km/hr west
Ex: If you were in a train traveling 40 km/hour west and you walked west
through the train at 5 km/hour, what is your resultant velocity?
Answer: 40 km/hour west + 5 km/hour west = 45 km/hour west
the rate at which velocity changes
Acceleration: ________________________________________________
Velocity can change if ____________
speed
changes, or _______________
direction
changes,
or _________
change. Acceleration is not just how _______
both
much velocity changes,
fast
but also how ________
it changes.
final velocity – starting velocity
Acceleration = _________________________________
time it takes to change velocity
Example: A plane passes over Point A with a velocity of 8,000 m/s north. Forty
seconds later it passes over Point B at a velocity of10,000 m/s north. What is
plane’s acceleration?
10,000 m/s – 8,000m/s =
Acceleration = _______________________
50 m/s/s = 50 m/s2 north
40 s
Example: A coconut falls from the top of a tree and reaches a velocity of
19.6 m/s when it hits the ground. It takes 2 seconds to reach the ground.
What is the coconut’s acceleration?
19.6 m/s – 0 m/s = 9.8 m/s/s = 9 m/s2 down
Acceleration = __________________
2s
direction
An object traveling in a circular motion is always changing its______________,
velocity
acceleration
therefore changing its _____________,
and thus ________________
is occurring.
This circular acceleration is called __________________
__________________.
centripetal
acceleration
time
Graph acceleration as __________________
velocity
vs _________________.
a push or a pull, having both size and direction
Force: ___________________________________________________________
Newton (N): _______________________________________________________
the unit in the metric system used to measure force = m.kg/s
the force that results from combining all the forces exerted on
Net force : ________________________________________________________
an object
_________________________________________________________________
added
Forces in the same direction get ____________
to each other.
subtracted
Forces in opposite directions get the smaller force __________________
from the larger force.
Balanced forces will have a net force of ___________
zero
and there will be no
____
motion. Ex. The force of a person sitting on a stool is ___________
to the force
equal
of the stool pushing up on the person.
Unbalanced forces produce a change in _______________.
motion
They are needed
start
change
to _____________
a stationary object to move as well as to ________________
moving
the motion of a _____________
object.
Friction: _______________________________________________________
a force that opposes motion
Friction is caused because the surface of any object is ________________
rough
and is affected by the ______________
pushing these surfaces together. The
force
rougher
______________
the surface the greater the _______________.
The greater
friction
force
the ________________
pushing the surfaces together, the greater the _________.
friction
Types of friction:
force
1. Sliding friction is the ____________
that opposes sliding one surface across
large
another surface. This is usually a _____________
force.
wheels
2. Rolling friction is the friction between the _________________
and the road
______
surface
or _________________
something rolls across.
3. Fluid friction is the friction between an _____________
object
and a ______________
liquid
or ________.
gas
4. Static friction is the force of friction that causes an object to ______
NOT move when
a _____________
is applied to it. Static friction _________________
when the
force
disappears
object starts moving.
Lubricants: substances
_____________________________________________________
aplied to surfaces to reduce the friction between
______________________________________________________________
them
oil, graphite, wax, grease, air (as in air hockey tables)
Ex: ____________________________________________________
Ways to reduce friction:
lubricants
1. Use ______________________.
sliding
rolling
2. Switch from _____________
friction to _______________
friction.
3. Make the surfaces that rub against each other _________________.
smoother
Ways to increase friction:
1. Make the surfaces _______________________.
rougher
force
2. Increase the _________________
pushing the surfaces together.
Gravity: ________________________________________________________
the force of attraction between objects that is due to their
_______________________________________________________________
masses.
All matter has _________
mass
and mass results in ________________,
gravity
so all
attraction
objects have a force of ____________________
to other objects, but usually
mass
the _________
is not great enough to cause the attractive force of the objects
Earth
to move the objects toward each other. The __________________
has a
large mass and therefore has a large _________________
force that pulls
gravitational
everything toward the ______________
center
of the Earth. Gravity also keeps the
_______________
in motion in the sky.
planets
Sir Isaac Newton came up with the Law of Universal Gravitation:
universe
All objects in the _________________
attract each other through gravitational
force
size
masses
____________.
The _______
of the force depends on the _____________
of
the objects and the __________________
between them.
distance
1. Gravitational force ________________
increases
as mass _________________.
increases
2. Gravitational force ________________
as distance _______________.
decreases
increases
a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object
Weight: ______________________________________________________
Weight, gravity, and forces are measured in _______________.
Newtons
Chapter 5
Matter in Motion
Motion: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Reference point: ____________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Common Reference Points:
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Speed: _____________________________________________________
Speed depends on _______________ and ________________.
Average speed = ________________
Example: If a family drove 600 miles to their vacation resort and it took them
15 hours to get there, what was their average speed?
Average speed = _______________________ =
Graphing speed: Distance goes on the ___-axis and time goes on the ___-axis.
Distance in km
Suppose we graphed the speed
of a storm front moving across
the country. It might look like the
graph at the left. The black line
shows the average speed, while
the red line shows the hourly
speed.
Time in Hours
Velocity - ___________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
Example: A horse on a merry-go-round is
moving at a constant rate of 10 meters/sec.
Is its speed changing? _____
Is its velocity changing? ______
Resultant velocity:____________________________________________
Ex: If you were in a train traveling 40 km/hour west and you walked east
through the train at 5 km/hour, what is your resultant velocity?
Answer:
Ex: If you were in a train traveling 40 km/hour west and you walked west
through the train at 5 km/hour, what is your resultant velocity?
Answer:
Acceleration: ________________________________________________
Velocity can change if ____________ changes, or _______________ changes,
or _________ change. Acceleration is not just how _______ velocity changes,
but also how ________ it changes.
Acceleration = _________________________________
Example: A plane passes over Point A with a velocity of 8,000 m/s north. Forty
seconds later it passes over Point B at a velocity of10,000 m/s north. What is
plane’s acceleration?
Acceleration = _______________________ =
Example: A coconut falls from the top of a tree and reaches a velocity of
19.6 m/s when it hits the ground. It takes 2 seconds to reach the ground.
What is the coconut’s acceleration?
Acceleration = __________________ =
An object traveling in a circular motion is always changing its______________,
therefore changing its _____________, and thus ________________ is occurring.
This circular acceleration is called __________________ __________________.
Graph acceleration as __________________ vs _________________.
Force: ___________________________________________________________
Newton (N): _______________________________________________________
Net force : ________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Forces in the same direction get ____________ to each other.
Forces in opposite directions get the smaller force __________________
from the larger force.
Balanced forces will have a net force of ___________ and there will be ____
motion. Ex. The force of a person sitting on a stool is ___________ to the force
of the stool pushing up on the person.
Unbalanced forces produce a change in _______________. They are needed
to _____________ a stationary object to move as well as to ________________
the motion of a _____________ object.
Friction: _______________________________________________________
Friction is caused because the surface of any object is ________________
and is affected by the ______________ pushing these surfaces together. The
______________ the surface the greater the _______________. The greater
the ________________ pushing the surfaces together, the greater the _________.
Types of friction:
1. Sliding friction is the ____________ that opposes sliding one surface across
another surface. This is usually a _____________ force.
2. Rolling friction is the friction between the _________________ and the ______
or _________________ something rolls across.
3. Fluid friction is the friction between an _____________ and a ______________
or ________.
4. Static friction is the force of friction that causes an object to ______ move when
a _____________ is applied to it. Static friction _________________ when the
object starts moving.
Lubricants: _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Ex: ____________________________________________________
Ways to reduce friction:
1. Use ______________________.
2. Switch from _____________ friction to _______________ friction.
3. Make the surfaces that rub against each other _________________.
Ways to increase friction:
1. Make the surfaces _______________________.
2. Increase the _________________ pushing the surfaces together.
Gravity: ________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
All matter has _________ and mass results in ________________, so all
objects have a force of ____________________ to other objects, but usually
the _________ is not great enough to cause the attractive force of the objects
to move the objects toward each other. The __________________ has a
large mass and therefore has a large _________________
force that pulls
l
everything toward the ______________ of the Earth. Gravity also keeps the
_______________ in motion in the sky.
Sir Isaac Newton came up with the Law of Universal Gravitation:
All objects in the _________________ attract each other through gravitational
____________. The _______ of the force depends on the _____________ of
the objects and the __________________ between them.
1. Gravitational force ________________ as mass _________________.
2. Gravitational force ________________ as distance _______________.
Weight: ______________________________________________________
Weight, gravity, and forces are measured in _______________.