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The Crusades Causes of the Crusades • Free the Holy Land from Seljuq control – Seljuq Turks • Captured Holy Land – Dates back to when Byzantines still controlled Constantinople – Started by Pope Urban II – 10,000 Europeans joined cause • Wore a cross on shoulder or back • Reasons people went: – To save souls – Money and land – Adventure The First Crusade • Brought much of the Holy Land under European control • Lead by French and Italian Lords – Lacked food and water • Brought European customs to Holy Land – Feudalism – Fiefs – Trade Other Major Crusades • The Second Crusade – Failed to recapture Damascus – France (Louis VII) and Germany (Conrad III) • The Third Crusade – Again failed to recapture Jerusalem – Saladin helped the lead the Muslims to regain control of Jerusalem – Rome (Barbarossa), France (Phillip II), England (Richard I) • The Fourth Crusade – French Knights attacked Constantinople, Europeans still controlled Constantinople at the end of the 4th crusade – Constantinople collapsed in 1453 • Other crusades – crusades continued until the last Christian stronghold, Acre, fell in 1291 Results of the Crusades • Weapons and warfare – Crossbow – New ways to wage war • Political changes – Fewer lords – Stronger kings – End of feudalism, gave way to a stronger monarchy – More powerful Christian church The Revival of Trade Trade Routes • Trade in Italy – Sea and overland trade routes • Trade in northern Europe • Growth in population and wealth occurred as a result of revival of trade • The Hanseatic League – German trading cities joined together to increase trade – Controlled trade on Baltic and North Sea Trade Goods and Markets • Luxury goods – – – – Dyes Medicines Silks Spices • Manufactured goods – Cotton – Linen – Art objects • Local markets gave rise to fairs for sale of imported goods with added tax – Barter Economy – Fairs are where early merchants sold most of their goods • Social events – Tournaments