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THE FORMATION OF
WESTERN EUROPE
800-1500
CHURCH REFORM AND THE
CRUSADES
IN THE PERIOD OFTEN REFERRED TO
AS THE DARK AGES, THE CHURCH
RESPONDED TO NUMEROUS
INVASIONS WITH A REVIVAL OF
RELIGIOUS FERVOR.
THE AGE OF FAITH
THE REVIVAL WAS CENTERED AROUND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THE REESTABLISHMENT OF THE
POWR OF THE POPE
– THE MONASTERY AT CLUNY IN FRANCE (910) WAS THE FOCAL POINT OF
CHURCH REFORM
PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH
– LAY INVESTITURE
– SIMONY
– NON-CELIBACY OF SOME OF THE LOCAL PRIESTS
REFORM AND CHURCH ORGANIZATION
– POPE WAS ADVISED BY THE PAPAL CURIA
MADE RULING S BASED ON CANON LAW
POPE HAD DIPLOMATS THAT TRAVELED THROUGHOUT EUROPE
COLLECTION OF TITHES
– MOST HOSPITALS WERE RUN BY THE CHURCH
NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS
– DOMINICANS, BENEDICTINES, FRANCISCANS
POVERTY, CHASTITY AND OBEDIENCE
FRIARS TRAVELED AND PREACHED; SURVIVED ON ALMS THEY WERE GIVEN
CATHEDRALS-CITIES OF GOD
WHILE MOST PEOPLE WORSHIPPED IN SMALL LOCAL
CHURCHES, THE CONSTRUCTION OF CATHEDRALS WAS
VIEWED AS A CITY OF GOD
– USUALLY FOUND IN LARGER CITIES
BETWEEN 800 AND 1100, CATHEDRALS WERE DESIGNED IN A
STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE CALLED, ROMANESQUE
– CHARACTERIZED BY SMALL WINDOWS, THICK WALLS AND
PILARS AND THE USE OF ARCHES
NEW STYLES OF CHURCH ARCHITECTURE
– BY 1100, GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE WAS THE DOMINANT STYLE
FOR CATHEDRALS
– REACHING UPWARDS TO HEAVEN
– USE OF STAINED GLASS WINDOWS ALLOWED MORE LIGHT INTO
THE CHURCH
WINDOWS ATTEMPTED TO TELL A STORY
THE CRUSADES
IN 1093 THE BYZANTINE EMPEROR, ALEXIUS COMNENUS, REQUESTS
ASSISTANCE FROM THE WEST TO FIGHT THE MUSLIMS
POPE URBAN II CALLS FOR A CRUSADE
GOALS OF THE CRUSADES
–
RELIGIOUS, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC
REGAIN HOLY LAND FROM MUSLIMS, TERRITORY FOR YOUNGER NOBILITY, PREVENT
FIGHTING BETWEEN CHRISTIAN KNIGHTS, ITALIAN MERCHANTS DESIRE TO CLAIM TRADE
ROUTES TO THE FAR EAST.
THE FIRST AND SECOND CRUSADES
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THE FIRST CRUSADE WAS LED BY KNIGHTS PRIMARILY FROM FRANCE.
THEY WERE ILL PREPARED FOR THE GEOGRAPHY OR CLIMATE
CAPTURED JERUSALEM IN 1099
BY 1157 THE SECOND CRUSADE IS CALLED IN ORDER TO REGAIN TERRITORY LOST
TO THE MUSLIMS (EDESSA)
BY 1187 JERUSALEM WAS CAPTURED BY SALADIN, A KURDISH MUSLIM LEADER
THE THIRD CRUSADE
–
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1187-1192; THE CRUSADE OF KINGS: RICHARD THE LION-HEART, PHILIP AUGUSTUS,
FREDERICK BARBAROSSA
RICHARD AND SALADIN ARE THE KEYS FIGURES; TRUCE SIGNED THAT ALLOWS
UNARMED PILGRIMS TO ENTER JERUSALEM
THE CRUSADING SPIRIT
DWINDLES
THE FOURTH CRUSADE IN 1204 NEVER REACHED THE HOLY LAND,
RATHER THE CRUSADERS PILLAGED CONSTANTINOPLE
– LATER CRUSADES ATTEMPTED TO CONQUER EGYPT, BUT ALL WERE
FAILURES
THE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE
– OVER 30,000 CHILDREN INTENDED TO MARCH ON JERUSALEM
– MOST DIED, TURNED BACK OR WERE SOLD INTO SLAVERY BEFORE
THEY EVER REACHED JERUSALEM
A SPANISH CRUSADE
– THE RECONQUISTA WAS CATHOLIC SPAIN’S WAR AGAINST THE MUSLIMS
(MOORS) IN SPAIN
– BY 1492 CATHOLIC MONARCHS FERDINAND AND ISABELLA HAVE
DEFEATED THE MUSLIMS
– THE INQUISITION, CHURCH COURT, ATTEMPTS TO WEED OUT HERETICS
PRIMARILY DIRECTED AGAINST JEWS AND MUSLIMS; BY 1492 ALL PRCTICING
MUSLIMS AND JEWS ARE EXPUNGED FROM SPAIN.
THE EFFECTS OF THE
CRUSADES
WEAKENING OF THE POWER OF THE NOBILITY AND
AN INCREASE IN THE POWER OF KINGS
INCREASED TRADE BETWEEN THE FAR EAST AND
EUROPE
GROWING ANIMOSITY BETWEEN MUSLIMS AND
CHRISTIANS
WEAKENING OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
INCREASING INDEPENDENTS FOR MANY WOMEN
GROWTH IN TOWNS, TRADES AND UNIVERSITIES
CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL
SOCIETY
AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND FINANCE
CHANGE
GROWTH OF TOWNS AND CITIES
– INCREASE IN POPULATION
CULTURAL INTERACTION
– UNIVERSITIES
A GROWING FOOD SUPPLY
CHANGE IN CLIMATE AND IMROVED
METHODS OF FARMING
SWITCH TO HORSEPOWER
– DEVELOPMENT OF NEW HARNESS AIDS
IN UTILIZING HORSES RATHER THAN
OXEN
THE THREE FIELD SYSTEM
– MORE FEED=RESISTANCE TO
DISEASE=LONGER LIFE EXPECTANCY
THE GUILDS
AN ORGANIZATION OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE
SAME BUSINESS OR OCCUPATION
WORKING TO IMPROVE THE ECONOMIC OR
WORKING CONDITIONS OF ITS MEMBERS.
MERCHANT AND CRAFT GUILDS
– SET STANDARDS FOR WAGES, QUALITY OF
WORK AND WORK CONDITIONS
– PLANS FOR SUPERVISION OF NEW WORKERS
QUALITY OF PRODUCTS IMPROVED
GUILDS BECAME INFLUENTIAL FORCES IN TOWN
GOVERNMENT AND THE ECONOMIES OF CITIES.
URBAN LIFE FLOURISHES
POPULATION OF EUROPE INCREASED BY 12 MILLION
BETWEEN 1000 AND 1150
TRADE AND TOWNS GROW TOGETHER
– ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BENEFITS OF TOWN LIFE
– DRAWBACK: FIRE, SANITATION, OVERCROWDING
– SERFS RAN AWAY FROM THE MANORS AND SOUGHT THEIR
FREEDOM
MERCHANT CLASS SHIFTS THE SOCIAL ORDER
– MERCHANTS DID NOT FIT INTO THE FEUDAL SOCIAL ORDER
– CREATION OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
BURGHERS, BOURGEOSIE
IN RETURN FROM BENEFITS FROM KINGS, THE MERCHANTS PAID
TAXES
THIS ALLOWED MONARCHS TO DECREASE THEIR DEPENDENCY ON
THE NOBILITY
ENGLAND’S EVOLVING
GOVERNMENT
GOALS OF ENGLISH MONARCHS
–
EXPAND THEIR LAND IN FRANCE
HENRY II INCREASES HIS LAND IN FRANCE BY MARRYING ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE
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HENRYII WAS KING OF ENGLAND, WHILE BEING A VASSAL TO THE KING OF FRANCE.
INCREASE THEIR POWER OVER THE CHURCH AND THE NOBILITY
JURIES AND COMMON LAW
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HENRY RULES FROM 1154-1189
INCREASES HIS POWER BY THE CREATION OF THE ENGLISH JUDICIAL SYSTEM
CIRCUIT COURTS AND JURIES (PETITE JURY)
COMMON LAW
THE MAGNA CARTA
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KING JOHN (1199-1216) PROVOKES THE ANGER OF THE NOBLES BY REQUESTING
HARSH TAXES
NOBILITY FORCES HIM TO SIGN THE MAGNA CARTA (GREAT CHARTER)
NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION, TRIAL BY JURY AND EQUAL PROTECTION OF
THE LAW
THE MODEL PARLIAMENT
–
1295: BURGESSES (CITIZENS OF WEALTH AND PROPERTY), BISHOPS, NOBILITY
CALLED FOR THE PURPOSE OF RAISING TAXES
WILL EVENTUALLY DIVIDE INTO TWO CHAMBERS: HOUSE OF COMMONS (BURGESSES AND
KNIGHTS) AND HOUSE OF LORDS (NOBILITY AND BISHOPS)
CAPETIAN DYNASTY RULES
FRANCE
AFTER THE DEATH OF CHARLEMAGNE, DUKE AND OTHER NOBILITY DIVIDED THE
KINGDOM
EVENTUALLY HUGH CAPET’S FAMILY WILL EMERGE AS THE RULING FAMILY FROM 9871328.
FRANCE BECOMES A SEPARATE KINGDOM
–
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION WAS THE GREATEST ADVANTAGE FOR THE CAPETIANS
PHILLIP II EXPANDS HIS POWER
–
CALLED AUGUSTUS, MAJESTIC, BECAUSE HE EXPANDED THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE AND
REGAINED MUCH OF THE TERRITORY THAT HAD BEEN TAKEN BY HENRY II
1180-1223, UNSCRUPULOUS AND UNPRINCIPLED
FOR THE FIRST TIME, FRENCH MONARCHS ARE MORE POWERFUL THAN THEIR VASSALS
USES BAILIFFS TO RUN ROYAL COURTS AND TO COLLECT TAXES
PHILLIP II HEIRS
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LOUIS IX (1226-1270); ESTABLISHES APPELLATE COURTS
PHILLIP IV (1285-1314); IN DISPUTE WITH THE POPE, HE ESTABLISHES THE THIRD ESTATE
ESTATES-GENERAL
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FIRST ESTATE: RELIGIOUS LEADERS
SECOND ESTATE: NOBILITY
THIRD ESTATE: COMMONERS, WEALTHY LANDHOLDERS, MERCHANTS
BEGINNINGS OF DEMOCRACY