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Ch 14 Formation of Western Europe 800-1500 Church Reform and the Crusades Sec 1 What was the economic system of the feudal system? The Crusades • Crusade- holy war • In 1093, Pope Urban II issued a call to Christians to take back the holy land from the Muslims that were threatening the Byzantine Empire Causes of the Crusades • Eliminate the Muslim threat to Constantinople and Christian holy sites • Reunite the eastern and western half of the Church • Get rid of the knights who were fighting all the time • Promote business First and Second Crusade • The First Crusade left Constantinople in 1097 • It was successful but fell back to the Muslims in 1144 • The Second Crusade attempted to take back Jerusalem but failed Third Crusade • Third Crusade- holy war led by Richard the Lionheart against Saladin • After years of fighting the Third Crusade ends in a truce with Jerusalem in Muslim control but Christians are allowed to freely visit Crusading Dwindles • After the failure of six different Crusades during the 1200s, the religious spirit of the First Crusade gradually faded and the search for personal gain grew Children’s Crusade • The Children’s Crusade took place in 1212, when 30,000 children under 18 set out to conquer Jerusalem • They were armed only with the belief that God would give them Jerusalem • Those that didn’t die on the journey were sold into slavery Reconquista • Reconquista- effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain, finally accomplished in 1492 Inquistion • Inquisition- court held by the Church to suppress heresy • Heretics- people whose religious beliefs were different from that of the Church (Jews, Muslims) • Under threat of torture, many Jews and Muslims in Spain converted • She's a witch! Effects of the Crusades • • • • Expansion of trade Weakened the power of the Pope Thousands of people lost their lives Fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire • Bitterness and hatred between Muslims and Christians Changes in Medieval Society Sec 2 Changes in Society • Between 1000-1300, agriculture, trade, and finance made significant advances • Cultural interaction with the Muslim and Byzantine Empire sparked the growth of learning Growing Food Supply • Europe’s revival would have been impossible without improvements in farming • A warmer climate and new farming techniques such as the use of horses helped to increase production Three-Field System • Three-field System- farming technique where farmers plant 2 fields and leave one fallow (unplanted) every year • This new technique increased food supplies and caused people to live longer Guilds • Guilds- organizations of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members • Merchants banded together to control the number of goods being traded to keep prices up • Guilds set standards for quality of work, wages, and working conditions Effects of Guilds • Guilds brought more and better products to people all over Europe Commercial Revolution • Commercial Revolution- expansion of trade and business that transformed economics in the 16th and 17th centuries • During the Commercial Revolution more goods from foreign lands became available as trade routes spread • Business and banking increased as merchants began to look for more profits Effects of the Commercial Revolution • End of the feudal system- serfs move to towns for paid work • More money available to create new businesses • Increased in tax revenues increased the power and wealth of kings Urban Life • From 1100-1150 the population of Europe increased from 30 million to 42 million • There were not many large cities in Europe but small towns flourished What was life like in a medieval town? Medieval Towns • Medieval towns were exciting and bustling but they had some drawbacks • Streets were narrow and filled with animals and their waste • With no sewers, people dumped household and human waste onto the streets in front of the house • Most people never bathed Revival of Learning • Contact with the Muslims and Byzantines during the Crusades brought about a new interest in learning • Through this contact, the work of Greek philosophers was rediscovered in Europe • During this time the first universities arose in Europe England and France Develop Sec 3 Early Nations • The earliest nations in Europe to develop a strong unified government were England and France Foundations of Government • English King Henry II ruled from 1154 to 1189 • He strengthened the royal courts by sending judges to every part of England • Henry II also introduced trial by jury, where 12 neighbors of the accused would answer questions from the judge • Over the centuries the rulings of royal judges formed a unified body of law known as common law Magna Carta • After the death of Richard the Lionhearted his brother John took the throne • John was cruel to his subjects and tried to squeeze as much money out of them as possible • The nobles revolted and on June 15, 1215 they forced John to agree to the Magna Carta Magna Carta • The Magna Carta guarantees certain basic political rights • The Magna Carta guaranteed what are now considered basic legal rights in England and the United States Parliament • In 1295, King Edward I summoned two burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) from every borough and two knights from every county to serve as a parliament, or legislative group • This is now called the model parliament because later kings followed the same model • As time went on parliament became stronger and acted as a check on royal power • Roundabout Formation of France • Hugh Capet was undistinguished duke that ruled a small kingdom in the middle of France • Capet was not powerful but his territory included Paris • Over time power of the Capetian kings spread from Paris as the city became more important to trade French Government • In France, Church leaders were known as the First Estate and the great lords as the Second Estate • Under King Philip IV commoners were allowed to join the meetings and became the Third Estate • The whole meeting became known as the Estates General • Unlike Parliament the Estates General never was able to limit the kings power but the Third Estate played an important role in the French Revolution Beginnings of Democracy • England and France were just beginning to establish a democratic tradition • The tradition rested on setting up a centralized government that would be able to govern widespread lands The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague Sec 4 The Plague Strikes • During the 1300s, an epidemic struck parts of Asia, North Africa, and Europe • About 1/3 of the population of Europe died of the deadly disease known as the bubonic plague • The plague was so terrifying that it would rip apart the fabric of society Origins of the Plague • The plague began in Asia • Through trade routes it infected parts of Asia, the Muslim world, and Europe • In 1347, a fleet of Genoese merchant ships arrived in Sicily carrying the bubonic plague • From there it swept through Italy and followed trade routes to Spain, France, Germany, England and other parts of Europe and North Africa Spread of the Plague • In about 4 years the plague reached every corner of Europe • While some communities were unharmed others lost 2/3s to 3/4s of their population • About 25 million Europeans died • Bring out your dead! What were the effects of the plague? Effects of the Plague • • • • Town populations fell Trade declined, prices rose Shortage of labor Peasant revolt caused by demand for higher wages • Jews were blamed for bringing the plague and persecuted • Decline of Church power The Hundred Years’ War • At the same time as the plague, England and France were constantly at war with each other • In 1337, England’s Edward III launched a war for control of France that would last until 1453 that became known as the Hundred Years’ War Effects of the Hundred Years’ War • The Hundred Years’ war changed warfare in Europe • The use of the longbow marked the end of chivalry • Use of the longbow in battle negated the power of knights • England was driven from France • End of the Middle Ages Joan of Arc • Joan of Arc- French teenage peasant girl who led French forces to victory at the siege of Orleans in 1429 • Joan was eventually captured by English forces and turned over to the Church • On May 30, 1431, she was burned at the stake for being a heretic