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Religious Conflict and Warfare:
The Age of the Crusades
Terms:
• Pilgrimage= iter or peregrinatio (Latin)
pelerinage (French)
• Holy War = bellum sacrum
guerre sainte
• Expedition of the cross = expeditio crucis
• Takers of the cross = cruces signati
Justification for Warfare
Just war principles established by St. Augustine in the 5th
century
War must
• Have a just cause based on past or present aggression
(causa justa)
• Be authorized by legitimate authority (auctoritas
principis)
• Be waged for right intention (intentio rectus)
– Must be only practical alternative
– Participants must have pure motives
Prelude to the Crusades
Important events:
• Arab conquests 7th & 8th centuries
• Conversion of the Turks to Islam
• Collapse of Abbasid dynasty c. 950
• Battle of Manzikert in 1071
• Loss of Anatolia
• Alexius’ letter to Pope Urban asking for help regaining
lost territory
• Council of Clermont, 1095
Map of the Eastern Mediterranean
in the 12th Century
Key Personalities
Alexius I Comnenus (1081-1118)
Pope Urban II (1088-1099)
Godfrey de Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine
Baldwin of Bourg, his brother
Raymond of St. Gilles, count of Toulouse
Bohemond of Otranto
Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy
Stephen of Blois, count of Anjou
Peter the Hermit
First Crusade 1096–1099
• Conditions for a valid Crusade
– Authorized only by pope (legitimate authority or
auctoritas principis)
– Crusader vow (votum)
• Cross sewed on clothing, signifying vow
– Privileges
• Indulgence (spiritual reward for danger of journey)
• Protection of church (clerical status)
• Immunity from seizure (lands, chattels)
• Freedom from tolls or obligations
– Excommunication for failure to fulfill vow
First Crusade 1096–1099
Byzantine Empire under attack from Muslim Turks
1071 – Battle of Manzikert, Turks seize Anatolia
1094 – Alexis I appealed to Pope Urban II for help
1095 – Urban II’s speech at Clermont
1096 – Peasants’ Crusade (unofficial)
1096 – Official crusade launched
1099 – Crusaders capture Jerusalem
First Crusade 1096–1099
Second Crusade 1147–1149
1147 – Muslims defeat Europeans at Edessa, which
catalyzed the 2nd Crusade
Preached by Bernard of Clarivaux
Foolish decisions lead to disaster for the crusaders
Crusades now included an expansionist mission in
addition to a pilgrimage
Origin of Military Orders: Templars, Hospitalers,
Teutonic Knights
Crusader States:
Outremer, 1099–1187
• County of Eddessa, founded
by Baldwin of Boulogne
(1097–1144)
• Principality of Antioch,
founded by Bohemond of
Sicily (1098)
• Kingdom of Jerusalem
(1099–1187)
• County of Tripoli, founded by
Raymond of St. Giles (1102)
Krak des Chevaliers:
Crusader Castle
Third Crusade 1188–1192
Muslim leader Saladin reconquers Egypt and most
crusading states
1187 – Conquers Jerusalem, which precipitated the
Third Crusade
Byzantium makes a pact with Saladin
Leaders:
Richard I of England
Philip II (Augustus) of France
Frederick I (Barbarossa), Holy Roman
Emperor
Crusade disintegrated through lack of cooperation
Fourth Crusade 1202–1204
Pope Innocent III organized crusade under papal
auspices
Crusaders never reached the Holy Land
Diverted by Venetians to Zara
Byzantium victim of the 4th Crusade
Cause: dynastic intrigue & greed
1204: Crusaders sacked Constantinople
Crusades’ Overview