Download Church Reform

 The student will
demonstrate knowledge
of social, economic, and
political changes and
cultural achievements in
the late medieval period
by
 Explaining the conflicts
among Eurasian powers,
including the Crusades
 Questions
 What were the key
events of the Crusades?
 Feudalistic Europe
 The church is the only
 Charlemagne's Kingdom
source of stability
 Invasions
 Problems
 Corruption
 Learning not
occurring
 Vikings
 Attacked and looted
monasteries
 Mongols
 Monks could barely
read
 Popes had
questionable morals
 Starting in the 1000s a
spiritual revival spread across
Europe
 Led by Monasteries
 Wanted to return to basic
principles of Christianity
 New orders founded
 Popes began to reform the
Church
 Restored and expanded power
 “Age of Faith”
 Reforms
 Cluny, France
 New monastery founded in 910
C.E.
 Followed Benedictine’s Rule
 Reputation for virtue
 300 orders by 1000 C.E.
 Began reform movement
 Pope Leo IX
 1049 C.E.
 Enforced laws against Priest
marriage and Simony
 Problems
 Village priests married
 Positions in the church sold!!
Called Simony
 Practice of Lay Investiture
 Kings in control of Church
Bishops
 Pope Gregory VII
 1073 C.E.
 Spent time at Cluny
 Determined to reform the
church
 Restructured the church
 Pope advised by Curia
 Curia acted as a court and
developed Canon Law
 Early 1200s
 Wandering friars spread
Christianity
 Took vows of Chastity, poverty,
and obedience
 Preached to the poor
 Dominicans
 One of the earliest orders
 Founded by Dominic
 Emphasized importance of
learning, study
 Franciscans
 Founded by St. Francis of Assisi
 Son of a rich merchant
 Gave up wealth to preach at 20
years old
 Women also participated in
spiritual revival
 Women joined the Dominicans
in 1212 C.E.
 A Franciscan order for women
known as the Poor Clares
opened
 Founded by Clare and St.
Francis of Assisi


Not allowed to travel
Lived in poverty
 Between 800 and 1100 a new
style of architecture
influenced Churches
 Styles
 Romanesque
 Round arches
 Heavy roof
 Thick pillars, walls
 Little light
 Gothic
 Appeared around 1100s
 Thrust upward toward heaven
 Huge stained-glass windows
 Islam
 Brilliant new civilization spread from
Spain to India
 Traders traded goods and ideas
 India
 Land of thriving cities
 Politically divided
 Hinduism and Buddhism flourished
 China
 Strong central government
 Advances in technology: paper,
printing, gunpowder
 West Africa
 Empire of Ghana expanding
 Trading Gold
 Americas
 Mayas building cities
 Incas flourishing in Peru
 Byzantine Empire
 Prospering
 Scholars studying Greek and Roman
classics
 Constantinople was capital
 Turks invade in 1050s and control
Byzantine empire by 1071
 1093 Byzantine Empire
Alexius I asked Pope
Urban III for help fighting
the Seljuk Turks
 Urban agrees and calls for
help at the Council of
Clermont in 1095
 Rallied warriors for the liberation
of Jerusalem and Holy Land from
the Infidels, or unbelievers, the
Muslims
 “all who die shall have immediate
remission of sins”
 Within a year knights were
on their way
 Pope’s Motives
 Get rid of knights were fought each
other and threatened the peace of the
kingdom
 Conquer land held by Byzantine
Empire
 Increase power and help heal schism
 King’s Motive
 Kings and Princes used crusades to
legitimize their rule by presenting
themselves as a truly “Christian” state
 Soldiers’ Motives
 Promise of riches, a release from their
sins, and a place in Heaven if they died
on Crusade
 Younger sons were looking for land and
a position in society
 Wanted to escape trouble at home
 Goal of Crusades
 Win Jerusalem and Holy Land back
from Muslim Turks
 1st Crusade
 1097 C.E.
 Ill-prepared army gathers in
Constantinople
 No plans, no leader
 Success
 Captured Antioch in 1098 C.E.
and Jerusalem in 1099 C.E.
 Massacred Jewish and Muslim
residents
 Led to creation of four crusader
states
 2nd Crusade
 1147 C.E. – failure
 1187 C.E.
 City falls to Saladin and Muslim
army
 Shocks Europeans
 3rd Crusade
 1191 C.E.
 Led by Richard the Lion-heart,
Frederick Barbarossa, and Phillip
II
 Took back city of Acre in 1191 C.E.
 1192 C.E. Richard and Saladin
agree to a truce
 Muslims control city of Jerusalem,
Christian pilgrims allowed to visit
holy places unharmed
 4th Crusade
 1198 C.E.
 Knights get caught up in
Constantinople and loot the city
 Never made it to Jerusalem
 exposed corruption of the
Crusades
 Later Crusades
 Church
 Lessened the power of the Pope
 Trade
 Increased trade between Europe
and Southwest Asia
 Goods imported from S.W. Asia
included spices, fruits, cotton,
and cloth
 Italian port cities became very
wealthy and dominant in trade
 Encouraged growth of money
economy
 Helped undermine serfdom
 Feudal Rulers
 Weakened the feudal nobility
 Thousands of knights lost their lives
and fortunes
 Kings become stronger
 Some led crusades, like Louis IX,
added to their fame
 Increased feudal power of monarchs,
decreased power of feudalism
 Rights to levy, or collect, taxes, to
support crusades
 Knowledge
 European technology improves as
Crusaders learn from Muslims
 Windmills, Algebra, Medicine, and
Arabic numbers are all brought over
from the Muslims
 Contact with Muslims lead to want to
understand larger world
 Religious intolerance grows
 For Muslims, the actions
of Crusaders left behind
feelings of bitterness and
hatred
 Crusaders turned hatred
towards Jews
 Spain
 Crusading spirit
continued Christians
longed to reclaim their
land from the Muslims
 Called the Reconquista
or “reconquest”
 1300: Christians
 For Christians who
remained in the area after
the fall of the Crusader
states, relations with
Muslims worsened
controlled almost of all
Spain
 Muslim influence
remained
 1469 Isabella of Castile
married Ferdinand of
Aragon
 Created a unified state
 Combined forces to finally
expel the Muslims
 1492 completed the
Reconquista with the
capture of Granada
 Isabella ended Muslim
policy of religious
toleration
 Supports the Inquisition
 Court to accuse people of
heresy
 Jews and Muslims
attacked and burned at
the stake
 Isabella expelled Jews in
1492 and Muslims that
didn’t convert by 1502
a warmer climate existed
from 800-1200
used horses to plow twice
as much land as oxen
used to, but they required
better food and harnesses
three-field system:
farmers could grow crops
on two-thirds of their land
each year instead of just
half, other one-third
recovered
more food and better food
meant in increase in
population and longer
lives
goods traded in towns at
fairs
guild: an association of
people who worked at the
same occupation, they
controlled all wages and
prices in their craft,
enforced standards of
quality
merchants had to borrow
money to buy goods, but
Christians were forbidden
from lending money at
interest, a sin called usury
this led to many Jews
becoming moneylenders
University: a group of
scholars meeting wherever
they could
Came from Latin for universitas, or
“guild”
 Medieval Univ. were educational guilds
that produced educated and trained
individuals
 1st Universities
 Bologna, Italy



Attracted by great Roman law teacher
Formed guild to protect their rights (1158)
 University of Paris
 Oxford
 By 1500 there were 80 universities
For most students, the goal
was a government job or a
job in the Church
 Literature
 Dante
 Wrote Divine Comedy
 Imaginary journey
through hell and
purgatory
 Used humor, tragedy, and
medieval quests for
religious understanding
 Highlights key idea of
Christianity- people’s
actions in life will
determine their afterlife
 Chaucer
 Followed
English band of
pilgrims traveling to
Thomas Becket’s tomb
 Each character tells a
story
 Tried to reconcile faith and
reason
 Tried to harmonize Christian
teachings with works of Greek
Philosophers
 Aristotle reintroduced during 12th
century
 He upset Christian theologians
 Taught people to reason through
truth
 Thomas Aquinas
 Tried to reconcile Aristotle with
the doctrines of Christianity in
13th century
 Wrote Summa Theoligica
 Organized according to logical
method of intellectual
investigation used by scholars
 Asked “Does God exist?”
 Cited sources with opposing
opinions before reconciling them
and arriving at his own
conclusions
 Process used by future
philosophers
 Certain that two truths of
religion and science would not
contradict one another