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TSW: 1. explore how the church influenced life in Medieval Europe 2. Describe how common law affected political developments in England. Please write these words down on your new vocabulary sheet: Clergy Lay Investiture Tithe Crusade Guild The Church and the Crusades The Age of Faith The Church Wields Power The Church shaped the lives of people from all social classes The Church came into conflict with local emperors Church Clergy Pope Cardinals Bishops Priests Religion Unifies the People The path to salvation was through the sacraments (done in Latin) Canon Law – law of the church – it was to keep kings in line (threatened them) – Excommunication – Interdict Kings countered the Pope’s authority with Lay Investiture Church Reform and the Crusades Problems in the Church Problem 1 – Village priests were marrying and having families Problem 2 – Positions in the Church were sold by bishops (Simony) Problem 3 – Lay Investiture was still a problem Tithing The Church collected taxes in the form of tithes. The Church performed services such as caring for the sick and poor. Most hospitals were cared for by the Church. St. Francis of Assisi Son of a rich merchant The Franciscan friars treated all creatures as if they were spiritual brothers and sisters. Friar – similar to monks, but did not live apart from the world. They met their needs by begging. Gothic Architecture Stained Glass Crusades Come then, with all your people and give battle with all your strength, so that all this treasure shall not fall into the hands of the Turks… Therefore, act while there is still time lest the kingdom of the Christians shall vanish from your sight and, what is more important, the Holy Sepulchre (the tomb where Jesus was buried) shall vanish. And in your coming you will find your reward in heaven, and if you do not come, God will condemn you. Emperor Alexius Comnenus (Constantinople) Urban II called for war in 1095. The wars lasted from 1096-1204 The Crusades First Crusade Christians captured Jerusalem for a short time. Second Crusade Muslims under Saladin recapture Jerusalem in the Second Crusade. Jerusalem Saladin Third Crusade The Crusade of kings – German Emperor – Barbarossa – England King – Richard the Lion Hearted – French King – Philip Augustus Barbarossa drowns on the journey and Philip goes home leaving Richard to carry the fight. They agree to a truce in 1192 leaving Jerusalem under Muslim control, but unarmed Christians can freely visit the city’s holy places. Richard the Lion Hearted A Spanish Crusade Muslims are to be kicked out of Spain – this is called Reconquista In the late 1400’s, Isabella and Ferdinand made use of the Inquisition. Those who committed heresy would be questioned and tortured until they confessed Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution Vocabulary to Know Three-field system Guild Burgher Vernacular Dante Alighieri Geofery Chaucer Thomas Aquinas Scholastics Trade and Business Agriculture Harness allows horses to plow rather than slow oxen Three-field system – farmers could grow crops on 2/3 of their land each year Results – More food for all!!! – Better resistance against disease – Everyone begins living longer Trade and Finance Guild – Association of people that worked at the same occupation Master Journeyman Apprentice Finance – the Church would lend money to Christians to pay debts (Usury) but would not charge interest Jews become bankers Jews which lived on the fringes of society weren’t allowed to do any jobs, so they went into banking and charged interest. Burghers People who lived in towns were known as Burghers. These people were outside of the rungs of feudal society. They were mostly merchants and had a voice in running towns. Scholastics Revival of Learning – universities are established They are led by schoolmen known as Scholastics (the beginning of present day professors) – Thomas Aquinas Literature – Authors used the vernacular (common language). Dante Alighieri – writes the Divine Comedy in 1321 in Italian. Geofery Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales about 1390 in english. Geofery Chaucer England and France Develop Norman Conquest – The invader was William, duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror) William claimed the English Crown and invaded England with a Norman army. He was ambitious, tough, and imposing. Rival – Harold Godwinson (AngloSaxon who claimed the throne) Battle of Hastings October 14, 1066 Normans and Saxons fought the battle that changed the course of English history After Harold was killed by an arrow in his eye, the Normans won a decisive victory. William declared England his personal property. English lords who supported Magna Carta June 15, 1215 Nobles forced King John to agree to the Great Charter. Guaranteed basic political rights – they wanted to safeguard their own rights and limit the king’s powers. Parliament In 1295, Edward needed to raise taxes for a war against the French. Edward got two burgesses (wealthy citizens) and two nights from every county to serve as this legislative group. Model Parliament – commoners, and lords served as a model for later kings. They were called when a new tax was needed. A Century of Turmoil Great Schism This was a split in the Church Two pope’s had been selected (Pope Urban VI and Clement VII) One was French, one Italian. Each of these popes declared the other to be a false pope, excommunicating his rival. Council of Constance chose a new pope. At this point there were 3. All 2 popes were forced to resign by the Holy Roman Emperor and they chose a new one, Martin V. John Wycliffe Preached that Jesus Christ was the head of the Church, not the pope. Said the Bible alone – not the pope – was the final authority for Christian life. Jan Hus, a Bohemian professor, taught the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope, getting him excommunicated in 1412. he was later called to council, seized, tried as a heretic, and burned at the stake. Black Death – Bubonic Plague 1/3 of the population in Europe died of this deadly disease. The plague began in Asia. Traveling in trade lanes, it infected most of Asia and the Muslim world. It reached Europe through cargo. It left purplish or blackish spots produced on the skin. Came to Europe through Italy and spread throughout the rest of the Black Death What to do People look for a scapegoat and found one in the Jews. They were blamed for poisoning the wells. They were massacred because of this. It took 25 million European lives and more millions in Asia and North Africa. The plague was actually cared by fleas. People did not bathe – and almost all had fleas and lice. These unsanitary streets became breeding grounds for more rats. Effects of the Plague Town populations fell. Trade declined. Prices rose. Serfs had been unpaid and left the manor in search of better wages. Manorial systems crumbled. The Church suffered a loss of prestige when its prayers and penances failed to stop the onslaught of the plague. They charged high fees for services for the dying. 100 years War Between France and England The right to the French throne is debated. They drove the French out of France entirely Battle of Crecy – English made use of the longbow and slaughtered the French knights. Joan of Arc French peasant girl Rallied the French troops to victory Captured and condemned as a witch and burned at the stake in 1431. Impact of the war – feeling of nationalism and the king becomes a national leader. Joan of Arc False Peace Burn Her The End