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The Formation of
Western Europe, 800 Chapter 14
Section 1: Church
Reform and the Crusades
Pope began the reform
movement
• Popes Leo IX and Gregory VII made
reforms
• enforced laws against marriage of priest and
the selling of church offices
• created a group called the Curia, to advise
the pope and created cannon law and
enforced it
New Church group
called the friars
• arose in the 1200s
• moved from place to place spreading the
ideas of the Church
• the friars owned nothing and begged for
food
New Age of Faith
• towns built magnificent cathedrals
• Gothic architecture, created tall buildings,
covered with stained glass
Gothic architecure
Holy War/Crusades
• renewed faith led to war
• In 1093, the Byzantine emperor asked for
help against Muslim Turks who were
threatening Constantinople.
• The pope urged the leaders of Western
Europe to begin a holy war.
• He wanted Christians to gain control of
Jerusalem and the entire Holy Land
First Crusade
• first Crusade began in 1096 and was badly
organized.
• Captured some of the holy land including
Jerusalem for a short time.
• The other two Crusades tried to get
Jerusalem back.
• The forth Crusade ended in disaster.
Western army attacked the Byzantine
Empire and looted Constantinople which
lead to a split between western and eastern
Churches
Effects of Crusades
• cut the power of the pope
• deaths of many knights reduced the power
of the nobles
• contact with the East revived trade
• Christians’ harsh treatment of Muslims in
the Holy Land led to bitterness that
continues today
Section 2: Changes in
Medieval Society
Changes in Europe
• food supply increased because of a warmer
climate
• new farming techniques
• used horse pulled plows
• use of fallow fields - planted only 2/3 of
the field leaving 1/3 open. Change it
around the next year
Changes in Europe
con’t
• trade an finance increased
• guilds were formed - organization of
workers who preform the same craft. They
set standards and prices
• population grew rapidly
• increase in learning - development of
schools
Section 4: The Hundred
Years’ War and the Plague
Pope and Philip of
France
•
•
pope challenged Philip IV of France in 1300
•
King Philip forced the election of a French
cardinal as pope and moved to France and ruled
from there
•
French pope died and an Italian was elected, but
the french elected their own pope leading to
confusion
Philip put the pope in prison, pope was rescued
but died soon after
Great Schism
• church officials had two popes and it lasted
39 years
• at the same time the authority of the Pope
was being challenged
• Wycliffe and Huss argued that the Bible
alone was final authority not the pope
Plague
•
1347 the bubonic plague began to sweep across
Europe killing millions
•
Effects of Plague
•
•
•
trade declined
•
Church lost prestige b/c they could not stop
the plague
•
ended the middle ages
fewer workers
peasant revolts because they wanted to be
paid
100 years War
• King of France died without an heir.
• Edward III of England claimed the throne of
France, and started the 100 years war
• English forces won three important battles
using their longbow archers
• French were in desperate shape and they
held the town of Orleans.
100 Years war con’t
• Joan of Arc arrived at the scene, she
persuaded French leaders to allow her to
lead the French army and they won.
• Charles VII was crowned king of France
• Joan of Arc was turned over to the English
and burned at the stake :(
• War ended in 1453. War produced a
strong national feeling in England and
France.
Review of Section 4
• Which of the three problems that affected
Europe - the Great Schism, the bubonic
plague or the Hundred Years War - do you
think was worst and why?