Download Crusades

Chapter 14
The High Middle Ages
Section 1
The Crusades
Causes of the Crusades
• During the late 1000’s the Seljuq Turks, Muslims from
Central Asia, gained control of Palestine
• The Turks went on to attack Asia Minor
• When they threatened to take Constantinople, the
Byzantine Empire called on Pope Urban II
• Eager to take back the Holy Land {Pope Urban called
on Europeans to join in a Crusade against the Seljuq
Turks}
• The Crusades were a series of military expeditions to
regain the Holy Land
• The 10,000 people who took up the cause sewed
crosses on their clothes and were called Crusaders
Crusaders
The First Crusade
• The 1st Crusade lasted from 1096 to 1099
• French and Italian soldiers marched to Constantinople
• They passed through Constantinople and continued
on through Palestine to the city of Antioch
• They then marched down the coast toward the holy
city of Jerusalem.
• Fleet ships from Italy brought supplies to the
crusaders and after a series of vicious battles the
crusaders captured Jerusalem slaughtering its Muslim
and Jewish inhabitants
The 1st Crusade
The Second Crusade
• The capture of Jerusalem brought most of the Holy
Land under European Control.
• They set up 4 small states and introduced the feudal
system and trade increased
• The Christians and the Muslims lived along side each
other and grew to respect one another
• But by 1146 the Turks united their forces and started
taking back the captured cities
• In 1147 the 2nd Crusade began when King Louis VII of
France and King Conrad III of Germany sent armies to
recapture the cities.
• The Turks held and the crusaders returned to Europe
in disgrace
The 2nd Crudsade
The Third Crusade
• In 1187 Muslim leader Saladin took control of
Jerusalem
• Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King
Phillip III of France and King Richard I of England led
separate armies to take Jerusalem
• Barbarossa drowned on the way to the Holy Land and
his army turned back
• Phillip III took his army back to take over English lands
in France
• Richard remained in the Holy Land but could not take
Jerusalem.
• Instead he settled for a truce with Saladin. They
gained some towns along the coast and Christians
were allowed in the Holy City freely
The 3rd Crusade
The Fourth Crusade
• Pope Innocent III gathered a group of French knights to embark
on the 4th Crusade
• In 1202 they left on ships provided by Venice
• On the way the Venetians convinced the crusader to attack the
city of Zadar, a trade rival to Venice. Because Zadar was a
Christian city, Innocent III excommunicated the crusaders who
attacked it
• In 1204 the crusaders attacked and looted Constantinople,
stealing many things that were holy to the Byzantine Christians
• {At the end of the 4th Crusade Europe was in control of
Constantinople}
• After about 60 years of European control, the Byzantines
eventually regained control. Until 1453 when the Turks took it
again
Other Crusades
• In 1212 the Children’s Crusade took place.
• Young people from all over Europe decided to march
to the Holy Land
• They lacked training and supplies and by the time they
reached the Mediterranean coast the army was little
more than a mob. The pope sent them home
• For many years, crusaders tried to take the Holy Land.
The Crusades continued until 1291 when the Muslims
captured the city of Acre.
• With the city’s fall the Crusades ended
Results of the Crusades
• The goal of the Crusades was to take Holy Land from
the Turks. All but the First Crusade failed to do so, but
the Crusades did bring about many changes in Europe
• The Crossbow became a popular weapon during the
Crusades because it did not require much skill to use
and could penetrate chain mail and armor
• They also learned how to use catapults and how to
undermine walls
• From Muslims they may have learned about gun
powder
New Weapons
Political Changes
• To raise money for the Crusades, some lords
sold their lands. Without land they had no
power in the feudal system
• Many nobles died fighting. With fewer lords the
kings grew in power
• {All of these changes helped to bring an end to
feudalism}
• The Crusades also made the church more
powerful
• As organizers of the Crusades, the popes took
on more importance
Changes in Ideas and Trade
• Between 1096 and 1291 thousands of
crusaders traveled through the Holy Land
exchanging ideas with crusaders from other
parts of Europe as well as the Muslims and
Byzantines
• {The Crusades also helped make Italy into a
major trading power}
• When the Italians would take the crusaders to
the Holy Land they would come back with ships
full of good from Asia such as apricots, lemons,
melons, rice and sugar
Review
• Pope Urban called on Europeans to join in
a Crusade against who?
• At the end of the 4th Crusade who was in
control of Constantinople?
• What helped make Italy into a major
trading power?
The End?