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Transcript
The Crusades Question for Consideration: Were the Crusades Successful or Were The Crusades a Failure? Byzantine Byzantine Empire Empire The Holy Land The Holy Land Starting in the 7th Century CE, Islam spreads from the Arabian Peninsula through the Middle East, across Africa into Asia and Europe. The Empire of the Seljuk Turks at the end of the 11th century. Very little was left of the Byzantine Empire. Jerusalem in the 11th Century had fallen into the hands of the Islamic invaders - the Seljuk Turks Jerusalem was a holy city for the Muslims as well as the Christians and Jews The Muslims did begin to prevent Christian pilgrims from entering the city. Stories began to circulate that the Turks were torturing and killing Christians and Christian missionaries and priests in Jerusalem and in other cities in the Holy Land. Were the stories true? Or, were they an attempt by the Byzantine emperor to get help from Christian Europe against the Muslim invaders? Were the stories an early form of propaganda? Propaganda has been used throughout history to recruit armies and stir emotions. We still use propaganda to feed hate and encourage people to support causes -- or go to war. It wasn’t hard to find anti-Muslim propaganda after 9/11 In 1095 Pope Urban II issued perhaps the most famous “call to arms” in history. “Your brethren who live in the east (the Christians in the Byzantine Empire) are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them.” “They have killed and captured many, and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. If you permit them to continue thus for awhile with impurity, the faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by them.” “The Turks and Arabs have attacked them!” “O what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent God… “ “Moreover, Christ commands it!” “On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds…to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends.” “All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested.” Admission to Heaven guaranteed…or you money back What social, economic and political system existed in Western Europe at this time? Review Questions: What was the richest and the single most powerful entity in 11th century Western Europe? The Church Feudalism What role did religion play in the lives of the people including the nobility How much impact would the Pope’s call for a crusade have? Religion was the most important factor Almost like a command England Holy Roman Empire France Byzantine Empire Christian Spain Moorish Spain Raymond of Toulouse and Godfrey of Bouillon, lead the First Crusade. They lead an army of around 35,000 men in a holy crusade to free the Holy Land from the infidels. By the time they reach their goal their numbers have swelled to 100,000 Unfortunately, the religious zeal of the Crusaders and their hatred of the “infidels” was not restricted to just the Muslims in the Holy Land In the German city of Mainz, the Crusaders massacred thousands of Jews, even those who had taken refuge in the Bishop’s palace. The siege of Jerusalem http://www.videosu rf.com/video/kingd om-of-heavennightbombardment50304573 An eyewitness, a Crusader, recorded the siege of Jerusalem and the brutal actions of the Crusders following the city’s capture: "Exulting with joy we reached the city of Jerusalem on Tuesday, June 6, and we besieged it in a wonderful manner…Day and night on the fourth and fifth days of the week we vigorously attacked the city on all sides;… Jerusalem falls to the Crusaders! When he reached the top, all the defenders of the city quickly fled along the walls and through the city. Our men followed and pursued them, killing and hacking, as far as the temple of Solomon, and there there was such a slaughter that our men were up to their ankles in the enemy's blood. . . . Entering the city, our pilgrims pursued and killed the Saracens up to the temple of Solomon. There the Saracens assembled and resisted fiercely all day, so that the whole temple flowed with their blood. At last the pagans were overcome and our men seized many men and women in the temple, killing them or keeping them alive as they saw fit.” The Crusaders established a number of kingdoms in the Holy Land. They came to be known as the “Crusader States.” Many were soon reconquered by the Turks. Even Jerusalem was recaptured in 1187 A Second Crusade was mounted, but the Crusaders spent more time and energy fighting each other than they did the Turks. It failed miserably not even reaching the Holy Land. Then…….in 1189, a THIRD CRUSADE began. This may have been the most famous -- mostly because of the people who led the Crusade. This time the leaders were the Kings of the greatest states in Europe…….. Frederick Barbarossa of Germany Drowned crossing a stream in Turkey Phillip II of France Richard I of England Richard “the Lionhearted” The Third Crusade The English & French Traveled by Sea Richard and his army captured the city of Acre after a onemonth siege, and defeated the Muslim army at Jaffa. When the Muslim leader, Saladin, refused Richard’s terms for a peace treaty, Richard had 2,700 prisoners executed. Richard led his army on to Jerusalem But, the Turks, led by their greatest leader, Saladin, held on to the city. The Third Crusade was never able to capture Jerusalem. It remained in Muslim hands (except for short periods) for another 500 years, until captured by the British Army in 1917 - in World War I The exhausted army of Knights and common soldiers returned home The Fourth Crusade - Never Got to the Holy Land In 1204 the Crusaders attacked, captured and sacked Constantinople, the largest Christian city in the world and the capitol of the Byzantine Empire The sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade widened the schism (the break) between the Roman Catholic (Western) Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church The schism has not yet completely healed The Crusades did not end with the Fourth Crusade. There was even a Children’s Crusade. An army of children marched off to the Holy Land. They were captured by pirates who sold them into slavery. Altogether there were NINE Crusades. The last one ended in 1272 CE almost 200 years after the First Crusade began. Results of the Crusades Thousands How might of Crusaders that have died - many of them affected feudal members of the society in feudal nobility. Europe? Causing the eventual collapse of The the Empire and Byzantine the Empire spread of was Islam into permanently southeastern weakened Europe. What The impact Muslim would “infidels” that have remained on thein history controlofofthe the Middle Holy Land. East? The slaughter of thousands of Muslims left a legacy of hate between the Christians and Muslims. What Theifschism the eastern between & the western Eastern churches & Western had remained churches together. widened Would after the Christianity sack of Constantinople. have been even more powerful? OTHER, More Positive Results of the Crusades Crusaders were exposed to Eastern culture. Products of wanted the East Europeans like spices, perfumes, the new luxuries the and silk were brought Trade routes back to Western Crusaders brought Making Europe. opened back from the wars. them between the wealthy & Middle East powerful and Venice, Europeans Without those cites andand Genoa learned advances, the eventually other about the discovery of northern & therudder Americas the centers of Italian cities. thehave might not the Italian compass happened Renaissance Death of feudal lords weakened the feudal system and increased the power of Kings. Europeans learned about gunpowder & other weapons Follow-up Assignment Historians have expressed that the Crusades were a “successful failure.” Do you agree or disagree? Why? Cite examples.