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Earlier Explorations 1. Silk Road Spice Trade 2. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet” 3. A New Player Europe Marco Polo- Italy, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources. Better seaworthy ships. Admiral Zheng He Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371-1435 Zheng He’s Voyages In 1498, Da Gama (Portuguese) reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port! Isolationist China • 1644 Manchu's from Manchuria invaded China- Overthrew Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) • Qing Dynasty established – Remained isolationist country until Europeans would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor • The Dutch from The Netherlands did this! A Map of the Known World, How do we know that the cartographer had limited info?? pre- 1492 The Three G’s Gold God Glory 1. Motives for European Exploration Luxury Goods- want a faster and safer trade route to Asia. 2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue Monarchs wanted new ways to get $. 4. Technology advances. 5. Fame and fortune. 6. Want to stop the spread of IslamSpread Christianity! New Technologies Better Maps [created by cartographers] Astrolabe From Where?? Arabia Mariner’s Compass From Where?? China Sextant New Weapons Technology Triangular Lateen Sails Rudder Shallow Hull Gunpowder and guns! Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation in Portugal Portugal • First country to search for gold and spices by sea; wanted to increase trade! Portuguese Empire 1. Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2. Vasco da Gama, 1498. Calicut, India. Spain • Wanted to conquer – Use land to become wealthy – Convert people to Christianity • Treaty of Tordesillas – Pope Alexander VI, 1494- split the unexplored world in half through the Atlantic from North to South Poles. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Spain’s Divided the world into two parts, one for Spain, one for Portugal Portugal’s Japan • Japan divided into warring states which welcomed outside traders • 1600- Japan united by Tokugawa Shogunate – *Japan closes itself off from the world » **Ideas & Trade Christopher Columbus [1451-1506] Columbus’ Four Voyages Columbus Explored In The Islands of the Caribbean Sea Other Voyages of Exploration Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c Global Trade • New agricultural products – Sugar, tobacco, coffee, siliver mining • Expensive to trade- need financial backer • Joint-stock companies=individual merchants combined resources, shared profits/risks of trading voyage • Some companies had government support/protection (Dutch East India Trading Company Mercantilism • Defined: State’s power dependent upon its wealth • Goal of every nation is to gain wealth • Gain wealth by mining or trading – In trade, want to export more than you import – Governments help exporting businesses (monopolies, tariffs) • Colonies- source of raw materials, market for exports Global Exchange • Population growth in Europe • Worldwide exchange of people, goods, tech, ideas, diseases • Rise of capitalism- economic system based on private ownership and investing resources for profit The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado” The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II The Death of Montezuma II Mexico Surrenders to Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Official European Colony! Treasures from the Americas! Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade The Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. 3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas. “Coffin” Position Below Deck European Empires in the Americas The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission Our Lady of Guadalupe New Colonial Rivals 1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2. Dutch arrive in India in 1595. 3. English start sailing, as well. New Colonial Rivals Impact of European Expansion 1. Native populations ravaged by disease. 2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe 3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4. Deepened European rivalries.