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Earlier Explorations
1. Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca
2. A New Player  Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state enterprise 
monarchs had the authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming
“Treasure Fleet”
Admiral Zheng He
Flag ship was 400’ long and
160’ wide!
1371-1435
Motives for European Exploration
1. Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to
Asia.
2. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and
peoples.
3. Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
Better known as
The 3 “G”s
• GOLD-money was the great
motivation
• GOD-later missionaries to convert the
natives
• GLORY-personal fame and hopefully
fortune
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
New Weapons Technology
The Caravel
Portugal began the era of exploration, led by
Henry the Navigator. (he never went
anywhere, just paid for the voyages)
Led by first Dias then DaGama Portugal explored
the coast of Africa.
Why?
DaGama was first European to round Cape Of
Good Hope and travel to India by sea
Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Voyages
T he Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
1495
T he Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:
Early 16c
European Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”
The Requirement
• I implore you to recognize the Church as a lady
and in the name of the Pope take the King of
Spain as Lord of this land and obey his mandates.
If you do not then I tell you that with the help of
god I will enter powerfully against you. I will
make war everywhere and every way I can. I
will subject you to the yoke and make you
obedient to the Church and to his Majesty. I will
take all your women and children and make them
slaves... The deaths that occur from here on will
be your own fault and not that of his Majesty nor
the gentlemen that accompany me.
T he First Spanish Conquests:
T he Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortes
Montezuma II
T he Death of Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortes
T he First Spanish Conquests:
T he Incas
vs.
Francisco
Pizarro
Atahualpa
T he “Columbian Exchange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

TOBACCO

Quinine

Pineapple

Cassava

POTATO

Tomato

Vanilla

MAIZE

Syphilis
COCOA /
CHOCOLATE


Peanut

Olive

Coffee Bean

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

HORSE

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
Slaves Working in a
Brazilian Sugar Mill
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Triangle Trade
Slave Ship
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
A frican Captives
T hrown Overboard
Mercantilism
The economy and trade
are essential to the health
and safety of the nation.
1.Get as much gold and silver
as you can.
2.Establish a favorable balance
of trade.
3.Get colonies.
Treasures
from the Americas!
European Empires in the Americas
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!