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Greeks Notes Minoans (2500 – 1500b.c.) *Centered on island of crete Knossos - Minoan capitol, palace of King minos located there Frescoes – beautiful wall paintings Bull jumping – activity at festivals Maze & minotaur - youths from mainland Athens sacrificed to the half man/half bull each year until athenian hero Theseus slays the beast with the help of Ariadne and a ball of string Theseus slaying the minotaur Maze or labyrinth Thera – huge volcanic eruption on this island leads to the decline of the Minoans Myceneans (2000 - 1200’s b.c.e.) Heroic age – age of achilles, odysseus, Jason, hercules, etc. Mask of agammemnon Achilles heracles Mythology - titans, olympians, myths, creatures, Quests, etc.! hydra athena Trojan war figures: Helen & menelaus – spartan Queen & king Paris – Trojan Prince Priam – Trojan King Paris &helen menelaus Agemmemnon – most powerful Greek King Achilles – greatest greek warrior Hector – trojan prince and greatest warrior Odysseus – famous greek king/warrior helen achilles Trojan horse – used by the greeks to fool the trojans and win the war Dorians (1200’s – 800’sb.c.e.) The Dark ages – due to the illiteracy of the dorians, cultural achievements declined until the phonecian alphabet reaches them around 750bc Homer – blind bard or poet of the iliad ‘n odyssey City states (700’s – 330’s b.c.e.) Polis – city state ; usually the city, the acropolis or fortified hill above the city, and the surrounding countryside Athens – leading polis, cultural leader of ancient greece (hellas) *Motto : “a sound mind in a sound body” Sparta – military tradition, a”boot camp” for boys from age 7, few cultural traditions, infants with defects abandoned *Motto: “come back with your shield or on it” **Helots – local people enslaved by the spartans Persian Threat King Cyrus the great Gains control of Greek colonies on West Coast of Asia Minor in 546bc King Darius 500bc > Suppresses attempted revolt by greek colonies Wants to punish athens for helping the revolt and wants control of all greece >492bc – navy shipwrecked 490bc – Battle of Marathon won by Greeks *Marathon race – runner sent to athens to announce victory inspires modern race 480 BC Xerxes - son of Darius, sends his army and navy to attack Greece 10 years later Thermopylea 480bc - 300 Spartans under King Leonidas defend narrow mountain pass to the last man. *Greeks are defeated, but do unite together and later they defeat the persians Athens 480bc - Burned by Xerxes. Athenians retreat to island of Salamis 480bc battle of salamis >greek navy outmanuevers & beats persians > Xerxes limps home with remnant of navy 479bc battle of platea >land battle greeks win, ending war with persians *Persia is still a threat, but never tries to invade greece (Hellas) again Golden Age of Athens (480’s – 430’s bc) Delian League- Greek defense alliance led by Athens to which all city-states were supposed to contribute (money, ships, men, etc.) *Athens benefits, causing jealousy among other polis’ , later leading to a civil war! Age of Pericles (400’s bc)- period of cultural achievement unrivalled until the renaissance under pericles, a great athenian leader “Future ages will wonder at us as the present age wonders at us now” Pericles Parthenon- white marble temple built on the athenian acropolis to honor Athena, the city’s patron goddess Democracy Direct democracy – form of gov’t where all eligible citizens voted *Participation was expected by those who were eligible “we athenians do not call a man who does not take part in public life quiet or unambitious; we call such a man useless” Peloponnesian War • Fought intermittently for virtually a generation between primarily Athens and Sparta and their respective allies. • Athens eventually surrenders to Sparta, but still remains the cultural leader of Greece • War causes disunity among Greeks, making them ripe for… an invasion Alexander • His father, Philip of Macedonia (an area north of Greece) conquers & unifies Greek city-states • Educated by the Greek philosopher Aristotle • Receives military training in Macedonian army Alexander The Great • When his father is assassinated, Alexander becomes ruler at age 20 • In ten year reign he conquers Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Western India - never losing a battle • Inspires troops by leading from the front and enduring hardships • Encourages cultural integration between Macedonians (Greeks) and Persians Exs. – Marries Persian princess Roxana • Established some 70 cities, many of them named after himself *EX. Alexandria Egypt • While returning from India (his troops finally say “no farther”!) he dies at age 33 in Babylon • Though his empire disintegrates after his death, his rule spread Greek or Hellenistic culture to much of the world known to Greeks at that time. * The “Hellenistic Age”